diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index eb0fe907a..acece75b4 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -53,6 +53,11 @@ Bugfix
      after use.
    * Use `mbedtls_platform_zeroize()` instead of `memset()` for zeroization
      of sensitive data in the example programs aescrypt2 and crypt_and_hash.
+   * Change the default string format used for various X.509 DN attributes to
+     UTF8String. Previously, the use of the PrintableString format led to
+     wildcards and non-ASCII characters being unusable in some DN attributes.
+     Reported by raprepo in #1860 and by kevinpt in #468.
+     Fix contributed by Thomas-Dee in #1641.
 
 Changes
    * Removed support for Yotta as a build tool.
@@ -65,6 +70,14 @@ Changes
    * Change the use of Windows threading to use Microsoft Visual C++ runtime
      calls, rather than Win32 API calls directly. This is necessary to avoid
      conflict with C runtime usage. Found and fixed by irwir.
+   * Remember the string format of X.509 DN attributes when replicating X.509 DNs.
+     Previously, DN attributes were always written in their default string format
+     (mostly PrintableString), which could lead to CRTs being created which used
+     PrintableStrings in the issuer field even though the signing CA used
+     UTF8Strings in its subject field; while X.509 compliant, such CRTs were
+     rejected in some applications, e.g. some versions of Firefox, curl
+     and GnuTLS. Reported in #1033 by Moschn. Fix contributed by
+     Thomas-Dee in #1641.
 
 = mbed TLS 2.13.1 branch released 2018-09-06
 
diff --git a/include/mbedtls/asn1write.h b/include/mbedtls/asn1write.h
index f76fc807d..76c1780b5 100644
--- a/include/mbedtls/asn1write.h
+++ b/include/mbedtls/asn1write.h
@@ -26,191 +26,272 @@
 
 #include "asn1.h"
 
-#define MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD(g, f) do { if( ( ret = f ) < 0 ) return( ret ); else   \
-                                g += ret; } while( 0 )
+#define MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD(g, f)                      \
+    do {                                                \
+        if( ( ret = f ) < 0 )                           \
+            return( ret );                              \
+        else                                            \
+            g += ret;                                   \
+    } while( 0 )
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 /**
- * \brief           Write a length field in ASN.1 format
- *                  Note: function works backwards in data buffer
+ * \brief           Write a length field in ASN.1 format.
  *
- * \param p         reference to current position pointer
- * \param start     start of the buffer (for bounds-checking)
- * \param len       the length to write
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
  *
- * \return          the length written or a negative error code
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param len       The length value to write.
+ *
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative \c MBEDTLS_ERR_ASN1_XXX error code on failure.
  */
-int mbedtls_asn1_write_len( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start, size_t len );
-
+int mbedtls_asn1_write_len( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
+                            size_t len );
 /**
- * \brief           Write a ASN.1 tag in ASN.1 format
- *                  Note: function works backwards in data buffer
+ * \brief           Write an ASN.1 tag in ASN.1 format.
  *
- * \param p         reference to current position pointer
- * \param start     start of the buffer (for bounds-checking)
- * \param tag       the tag to write
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
  *
- * \return          the length written or a negative error code
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param tag       The tag to write.
+ *
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative \c MBEDTLS_ERR_ASN1_XXX error code on failure.
  */
 int mbedtls_asn1_write_tag( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
-                    unsigned char tag );
+                            unsigned char tag );
 
 /**
- * \brief           Write raw buffer data
- *                  Note: function works backwards in data buffer
+ * \brief           Write raw buffer data.
  *
- * \param p         reference to current position pointer
- * \param start     start of the buffer (for bounds-checking)
- * \param buf       data buffer to write
- * \param size      length of the data buffer
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
  *
- * \return          the length written or a negative error code
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param buf       The data buffer to write.
+ * \param size      The length of the data buffer.
+ *
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative \c MBEDTLS_ERR_ASN1_XXX error code on failure.
  */
 int mbedtls_asn1_write_raw_buffer( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
-                           const unsigned char *buf, size_t size );
+                                   const unsigned char *buf, size_t size );
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C)
 /**
- * \brief           Write a big number (MBEDTLS_ASN1_INTEGER) in ASN.1 format
- *                  Note: function works backwards in data buffer
+ * \brief           Write a arbitrary-precision number (#MBEDTLS_ASN1_INTEGER)
+ *                  in ASN.1 format.
  *
- * \param p         reference to current position pointer
- * \param start     start of the buffer (for bounds-checking)
- * \param X         the MPI to write
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
  *
- * \return          the length written or a negative error code
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param X         The MPI to write.
+ *
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative \c MBEDTLS_ERR_ASN1_XXX error code on failure.
  */
-int mbedtls_asn1_write_mpi( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start, const mbedtls_mpi *X );
+int mbedtls_asn1_write_mpi( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
+                            const mbedtls_mpi *X );
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C */
 
 /**
- * \brief           Write a NULL tag (MBEDTLS_ASN1_NULL) with zero data in ASN.1 format
- *                  Note: function works backwards in data buffer
+ * \brief           Write a NULL tag (#MBEDTLS_ASN1_NULL) with zero data
+ *                  in ASN.1 format.
  *
- * \param p         reference to current position pointer
- * \param start     start of the buffer (for bounds-checking)
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
  *
- * \return          the length written or a negative error code
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ *
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative \c MBEDTLS_ERR_ASN1_XXX error code on failure.
  */
 int mbedtls_asn1_write_null( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start );
 
 /**
- * \brief           Write an OID tag (MBEDTLS_ASN1_OID) and data in ASN.1 format
- *                  Note: function works backwards in data buffer
+ * \brief           Write an OID tag (#MBEDTLS_ASN1_OID) and data
+ *                  in ASN.1 format.
  *
- * \param p         reference to current position pointer
- * \param start     start of the buffer (for bounds-checking)
- * \param oid       the OID to write
- * \param oid_len   length of the OID
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
  *
- * \return          the length written or a negative error code
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param oid       The OID to write.
+ * \param oid_len   The length of the OID.
+ *
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative \c MBEDTLS_ERR_ASN1_XXX error code on failure.
  */
 int mbedtls_asn1_write_oid( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
-                    const char *oid, size_t oid_len );
+                            const char *oid, size_t oid_len );
 
 /**
- * \brief           Write an AlgorithmIdentifier sequence in ASN.1 format
- *                  Note: function works backwards in data buffer
+ * \brief           Write an AlgorithmIdentifier sequence in ASN.1 format.
  *
- * \param p         reference to current position pointer
- * \param start     start of the buffer (for bounds-checking)
- * \param oid       the OID of the algorithm
- * \param oid_len   length of the OID
- * \param par_len   length of parameters, which must be already written.
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
+ *
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param oid       The OID of the algorithm to write.
+ * \param oid_len   The length of the algorithm's OID.
+ * \param par_len   The length of the parameters, which must be already written.
  *                  If 0, NULL parameters are added
  *
- * \return          the length written or a negative error code
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative \c MBEDTLS_ERR_ASN1_XXX error code on failure.
  */
-int mbedtls_asn1_write_algorithm_identifier( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
-                                     const char *oid, size_t oid_len,
-                                     size_t par_len );
+int mbedtls_asn1_write_algorithm_identifier( unsigned char **p,
+                                             unsigned char *start,
+                                             const char *oid, size_t oid_len,
+                                             size_t par_len );
 
 /**
- * \brief           Write a boolean tag (MBEDTLS_ASN1_BOOLEAN) and value in ASN.1 format
- *                  Note: function works backwards in data buffer
+ * \brief           Write a boolean tag (#MBEDTLS_ASN1_BOOLEAN) and value
+ *                  in ASN.1 format.
  *
- * \param p         reference to current position pointer
- * \param start     start of the buffer (for bounds-checking)
- * \param boolean   0 or 1
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
  *
- * \return          the length written or a negative error code
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param boolean   The boolean value to write, either \c 0 or \c 1.
+ *
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative \c MBEDTLS_ERR_ASN1_XXX error code on failure.
  */
-int mbedtls_asn1_write_bool( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start, int boolean );
+int mbedtls_asn1_write_bool( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
+                             int boolean );
 
 /**
- * \brief           Write an int tag (MBEDTLS_ASN1_INTEGER) and value in ASN.1 format
- *                  Note: function works backwards in data buffer
+ * \brief           Write an int tag (#MBEDTLS_ASN1_INTEGER) and value
+ *                  in ASN.1 format.
  *
- * \param p         reference to current position pointer
- * \param start     start of the buffer (for bounds-checking)
- * \param val       the integer value
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
  *
- * \return          the length written or a negative error code
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param val       The integer value to write.
+ *
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative \c MBEDTLS_ERR_ASN1_XXX error code on failure.
  */
 int mbedtls_asn1_write_int( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start, int val );
 
 /**
- * \brief           Write a printable string tag (MBEDTLS_ASN1_PRINTABLE_STRING) and
- *                  value in ASN.1 format
- *                  Note: function works backwards in data buffer
+ * \brief           Write a string in ASN.1 format using a specific
+ *                  string encoding tag.
+
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
  *
- * \param p         reference to current position pointer
- * \param start     start of the buffer (for bounds-checking)
- * \param text      the text to write
- * \param text_len  length of the text
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param tag       The string encoding tag to write, e.g.
+ *                  #MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING.
+ * \param text      The string to write.
+ * \param text_len  The length of \p text in bytes (which might
+ *                  be strictly larger than the number of characters).
  *
- * \return          the length written or a negative error code
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative error code on failure.
  */
-int mbedtls_asn1_write_printable_string( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
-                                 const char *text, size_t text_len );
+int mbedtls_asn1_write_tagged_string( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
+                                      int tag, const char *text,
+                                      size_t text_len );
 
 /**
- * \brief           Write an IA5 string tag (MBEDTLS_ASN1_IA5_STRING) and
- *                  value in ASN.1 format
- *                  Note: function works backwards in data buffer
+ * \brief           Write a string in ASN.1 format using the PrintableString
+ *                  string encoding tag (#MBEDTLS_ASN1_PRINTABLE_STRING).
  *
- * \param p         reference to current position pointer
- * \param start     start of the buffer (for bounds-checking)
- * \param text      the text to write
- * \param text_len  length of the text
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
  *
- * \return          the length written or a negative error code
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param text      The string to write.
+ * \param text_len  The length of \p text in bytes (which might
+ *                  be strictly larger than the number of characters).
+ *
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative error code on failure.
+ */
+int mbedtls_asn1_write_printable_string( unsigned char **p,
+                                         unsigned char *start,
+                                         const char *text, size_t text_len );
+
+/**
+ * \brief           Write a UTF8 string in ASN.1 format using the UTF8String
+ *                  string encoding tag (#MBEDTLS_ASN1_PRINTABLE_STRING).
+ *
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
+ *
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param text      The string to write.
+ * \param text_len  The length of \p text in bytes (which might
+ *                  be strictly larger than the number of characters).
+ *
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative error code on failure.
+ */
+int mbedtls_asn1_write_utf8_string( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
+                                    const char *text, size_t text_len );
+
+/**
+ * \brief           Write a string in ASN.1 format using the IA5String
+ *                  string encoding tag (#MBEDTLS_ASN1_IA5_STRING).
+ *
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
+ *
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param text      The string to write.
+ * \param text_len  The length of \p text in bytes (which might
+ *                  be strictly larger than the number of characters).
+ *
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative error code on failure.
  */
 int mbedtls_asn1_write_ia5_string( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
-                           const char *text, size_t text_len );
+                                   const char *text, size_t text_len );
 
 /**
- * \brief           Write a bitstring tag (MBEDTLS_ASN1_BIT_STRING) and
- *                  value in ASN.1 format
- *                  Note: function works backwards in data buffer
+ * \brief           Write a bitstring tag (#MBEDTLS_ASN1_BIT_STRING) and
+ *                  value in ASN.1 format.
  *
- * \param p         reference to current position pointer
- * \param start     start of the buffer (for bounds-checking)
- * \param buf       the bitstring
- * \param bits      the total number of bits in the bitstring
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
  *
- * \return          the length written or a negative error code
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param buf       The bitstring to write.
+ * \param bits      The total number of bits in the bitstring.
+ *
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative error code on failure.
  */
 int mbedtls_asn1_write_bitstring( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
-                          const unsigned char *buf, size_t bits );
+                                  const unsigned char *buf, size_t bits );
 
 /**
- * \brief           Write an octet string tag (MBEDTLS_ASN1_OCTET_STRING) and
- *                  value in ASN.1 format
- *                  Note: function works backwards in data buffer
+ * \brief           Write an octet string tag (#MBEDTLS_ASN1_OCTET_STRING)
+ *                  and value in ASN.1 format.
  *
- * \param p         reference to current position pointer
- * \param start     start of the buffer (for bounds-checking)
- * \param buf       data buffer to write
- * \param size      length of the data buffer
+ * \note            This function works backwards in data buffer.
  *
- * \return          the length written or a negative error code
+ * \param p         The reference to the current position pointer.
+ * \param start     The start of the buffer, for bounds-checking.
+ * \param buf       The buffer holding the data to write.
+ * \param size      The length of the data buffer \p buf.
+ *
+ * \return          The number of bytes written to \p p on success.
+ * \return          A negative error code on failure.
  */
 int mbedtls_asn1_write_octet_string( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
-                             const unsigned char *buf, size_t size );
+                                     const unsigned char *buf, size_t size );
 
 /**
  * \brief           Create or find a specific named_data entry for writing in a
@@ -218,15 +299,16 @@ int mbedtls_asn1_write_octet_string( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
  *                  a new entry is added to the head of the list.
  *                  Warning: Destructive behaviour for the val data!
  *
- * \param list      Pointer to the location of the head of the list to seek
- *                  through (will be updated in case of a new entry)
- * \param oid       The OID to look for
- * \param oid_len   Size of the OID
- * \param val       Data to store (can be NULL if you want to fill it by hand)
- * \param val_len   Minimum length of the data buffer needed
+ * \param list      The pointer to the location of the head of the list to seek
+ *                  through (will be updated in case of a new entry).
+ * \param oid       The OID to look for.
+ * \param oid_len   The size of the OID.
+ * \param val       The data to store (can be \c NULL if you want to fill
+ *                  it by hand).
+ * \param val_len   The minimum length of the data buffer needed.
  *
- * \return      NULL if if there was a memory allocation error, or a pointer
- *              to the new / existing entry.
+ * \return          A pointer to the new / existing entry on success.
+ * \return          \c NULL if if there was a memory allocation error.
  */
 mbedtls_asn1_named_data *mbedtls_asn1_store_named_data( mbedtls_asn1_named_data **list,
                                         const char *oid, size_t oid_len,
diff --git a/library/asn1write.c b/library/asn1write.c
index 72acdf301..d617de5b0 100644
--- a/library/asn1write.c
+++ b/library/asn1write.c
@@ -257,34 +257,37 @@ int mbedtls_asn1_write_int( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start, int val )
     return( (int) len );
 }
 
-int mbedtls_asn1_write_printable_string( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
-                                 const char *text, size_t text_len )
+int mbedtls_asn1_write_tagged_string( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start, int tag,
+    const char *text, size_t text_len )
 {
     int ret;
     size_t len = 0;
 
     MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_raw_buffer( p, start,
-                  (const unsigned char *) text, text_len ) );
+        (const unsigned char *) text, text_len ) );
 
     MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_len( p, start, len ) );
-    MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_tag( p, start, MBEDTLS_ASN1_PRINTABLE_STRING ) );
+    MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_tag( p, start, tag ) );
 
     return( (int) len );
 }
 
+int mbedtls_asn1_write_utf8_string( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
+    const char *text, size_t text_len )
+{
+    return( mbedtls_asn1_write_tagged_string(p, start, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING, text, text_len) );
+}
+
+int mbedtls_asn1_write_printable_string( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
+                                 const char *text, size_t text_len )
+{
+    return( mbedtls_asn1_write_tagged_string(p, start, MBEDTLS_ASN1_PRINTABLE_STRING, text, text_len) );
+}
+
 int mbedtls_asn1_write_ia5_string( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
                            const char *text, size_t text_len )
 {
-    int ret;
-    size_t len = 0;
-
-    MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_raw_buffer( p, start,
-                  (const unsigned char *) text, text_len ) );
-
-    MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_len( p, start, len ) );
-    MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_tag( p, start, MBEDTLS_ASN1_IA5_STRING ) );
-
-    return( (int) len );
+    return( mbedtls_asn1_write_tagged_string(p, start, MBEDTLS_ASN1_IA5_STRING, text, text_len) );
 }
 
 int mbedtls_asn1_write_bitstring( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
diff --git a/library/certs.c b/library/certs.c
index f1379b8cb..ff0f11e92 100644
--- a/library/certs.c
+++ b/library/certs.c
@@ -218,12 +218,13 @@ const size_t mbedtls_test_ca_key_rsa_len = sizeof( mbedtls_test_ca_key_rsa );
 const char mbedtls_test_ca_pwd_rsa[] = "PolarSSLTest";
 const size_t mbedtls_test_ca_pwd_rsa_len = sizeof( mbedtls_test_ca_pwd_rsa ) - 1;
 
+/* tests/data_files/server2.crt */
 const char mbedtls_test_srv_crt_rsa[] =
 "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\r\n"
 "MIIDNzCCAh+gAwIBAgIBAjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER\r\n"
-"MA8GA1UEChMIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMTEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwHhcN\r\n"
+"MA8GA1UECgwIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMMEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwHhcN\r\n"
 "MTEwMjEyMTQ0NDA2WhcNMjEwMjEyMTQ0NDA2WjA0MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDERMA8G\r\n"
-"A1UEChMIUG9sYXJTU0wxEjAQBgNVBAMTCWxvY2FsaG9zdDCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcN\r\n"
+"A1UECgwIUG9sYXJTU0wxEjAQBgNVBAMMCWxvY2FsaG9zdDCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcN\r\n"
 "AQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAMFNo93nzR3RBNdJcriZrA545Do8Ss86ExbQWuTN\r\n"
 "owCIp+4ea5anUrSQ7y1yej4kmvy2NKwk9XfgJmSMnLAofaHa6ozmyRyWvP7BBFKz\r\n"
 "NtSj+uGxdtiQwWG0ZlI2oiZTqqt0Xgd9GYLbKtgfoNkNHC1JZvdbJXNG6AuKT2kM\r\n"
@@ -231,16 +232,17 @@ const char mbedtls_test_srv_crt_rsa[] =
 "hYvai0Re4hjGYi/HZo36Xdh98yeJKQHFkA4/J/EwyEoO79bex8cna8cFPXrEAjya\r\n"
 "HT4P6DSYW8tzS1KW2BGiLICIaTla0w+w3lkvEcf36hIBMJcCAwEAAaNNMEswCQYD\r\n"
 "VR0TBAIwADAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUpQXoZLjc32APUBJNYKhkr02LQ5MwHwYDVR0jBBgw\r\n"
-"FoAUtFrkpbPe0lL2udWmlQ/rPrzH/f8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQADggEBAJxnXClY\r\n"
-"oHkbp70cqBrsGXLybA74czbO5RdLEgFs7rHVS9r+c293luS/KdliLScZqAzYVylw\r\n"
-"UfRWvKMoWhHYKp3dEIS4xTXk6/5zXxhv9Rw8SGc8qn6vITHk1S1mPevtekgasY5Y\r\n"
-"iWQuM3h4YVlRH3HHEMAD1TnAexfXHHDFQGe+Bd1iAbz1/sH9H8l4StwX6egvTK3M\r\n"
-"wXRwkKkvjKaEDA9ATbZx0mI8LGsxSuCqe9r9dyjmttd47J1p1Rulz3CLzaRcVIuS\r\n"
-"RRQfaD8neM9c1S/iJ/amTVqJxA1KOdOS5780WhPfSArA+g4qAmSjelc3p4wWpha8\r\n"
-"zhuYwjVuX6JHG0c=\r\n"
+"FoAUtFrkpbPe0lL2udWmlQ/rPrzH/f8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQADggEBAAFzC0rF\r\n"
+"y6De8WMcdgQrEw3AhBHFjzqnxZw1ene4IBSC7lTw8rBSy3jOWQdPUWn+0y/pCeeF\r\n"
+"kti6sevFdl1hLemGtd4q+T9TKEKGg3ND4ARfB5AUZZ9uEHq8WBkiwus5clGS17Qd\r\n"
+"dS/TOisB59tQruLx1E1bPLtBKyqk4koC5WAULJwfpswGSyWJTpYwIpxcWE3D2tBu\r\n"
+"UB6MZfXZFzWmWEOyKbeoXjXe8GBCGgHLywvYDsGQ36HSGtEsAvR2QaTLSxWYcfk1\r\n"
+"fbDn4jSWkb4yZy1r01UEigFQtONieGwRFaUqEcFJHJvEEGVgh9keaVlOj2vrwf5r\r\n"
+"4mN4lW7gLdenN6g=\r\n"
 "-----END CERTIFICATE-----\r\n";
 const size_t mbedtls_test_srv_crt_rsa_len = sizeof( mbedtls_test_srv_crt_rsa );
 
+/* tests/data_files/server2.key */
 const char mbedtls_test_srv_key_rsa[] =
 "-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\r\n"
 "MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEAwU2j3efNHdEE10lyuJmsDnjkOjxKzzoTFtBa5M2jAIin7h5r\r\n"
@@ -271,11 +273,12 @@ const char mbedtls_test_srv_key_rsa[] =
 "-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\r\n";
 const size_t mbedtls_test_srv_key_rsa_len = sizeof( mbedtls_test_srv_key_rsa );
 
+/* tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha256.crt */
 const char mbedtls_test_cli_crt_rsa[] =
 "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\r\n"
-"MIIDhTCCAm2gAwIBAgIBBDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER\r\n"
+"MIIDPzCCAiegAwIBAgIBBDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER\r\n"
 "MA8GA1UECgwIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMMEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwHhcN\r\n"
-"MTcwNTA1MTMwNzU5WhcNMjcwNTA2MTMwNzU5WjA8MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDERMA8G\r\n"
+"MTEwMjEyMTQ0NDA2WhcNMjEwMjEyMTQ0NDA2WjA8MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDERMA8G\r\n"
 "A1UECgwIUG9sYXJTU0wxGjAYBgNVBAMMEVBvbGFyU1NMIENsaWVudCAyMIIBIjAN\r\n"
 "BgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAyHTEzLn5tXnpRdkUYLB9u5Pyax6f\r\n"
 "M60Nj4o8VmXl3ETZzGaFB9X4J7BKNdBjngpuG7fa8H6r7gwQk4ZJGDTzqCrSV/Uu\r\n"
@@ -283,18 +286,18 @@ const char mbedtls_test_cli_crt_rsa[] =
 "MjDV0/YI0FZPRo7yX/k9Z5GIMC5Cst99++UMd//sMcB4j7/Cf8qtbCHWjdmLao5v\r\n"
 "4Jv4EFbMs44TFeY0BGbH7vk2DmqV9gmaBmf0ZXH4yqSxJeD+PIs1BGe64E92hfx/\r\n"
 "/DZrtenNLQNiTrM9AM+vdqBpVoNq0qjU51Bx5rU2BXcFbXvI5MT9TNUhXwIDAQAB\r\n"
-"o4GSMIGPMB0GA1UdDgQWBBRxoQBzckAvVHZeM/xSj7zx3WtGITBjBgNVHSMEXDBa\r\n"
-"gBS0WuSls97SUva51aaVD+s+vMf9/6E/pD0wOzELMAkGA1UEBhMCTkwxETAPBgNV\r\n"
-"BAoMCFBvbGFyU1NMMRkwFwYDVQQDDBBQb2xhclNTTCBUZXN0IENBggEAMAkGA1Ud\r\n"
-"EwQCMAAwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQADggEBAC7yO786NvcHpK8UovKIG9cB32oSQQom\r\n"
-"LoR0eHDRzdqEkoq7yGZufHFiRAAzbMqJfogRtxlrWAeB4y/jGaMBV25IbFOIcH2W\r\n"
-"iCEaMMbG+VQLKNvuC63kmw/Zewc9ThM6Pa1Hcy0axT0faf1B/U01j0FIcw/6mTfK\r\n"
-"D8w48OIwc1yr0JtutCVjig5DC0yznGMt32RyseOLcUe+lfq005v2PAiCozr5X8rE\r\n"
-"ofGZpiM2NqRPePgYy+Vc75Zk28xkRQq1ncprgQb3S4vTsZdScpM9hLf+eMlrgqlj\r\n"
-"c5PLSkXBeLE5+fedkyfTaLxxQlgCpuoOhKBm04/R1pWNzUHyqagjO9Q=\r\n"
+"o00wSzAJBgNVHRMEAjAAMB0GA1UdDgQWBBRxoQBzckAvVHZeM/xSj7zx3WtGITAf\r\n"
+"BgNVHSMEGDAWgBS0WuSls97SUva51aaVD+s+vMf9/zANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOC\r\n"
+"AQEAlHabem2Tu69VUN7EipwnQn1dIHdgvT5i+iQHpSxY1crPnBbAeSdAXwsVEqLQ\r\n"
+"gOOIAQD5VIITNuoGgo4i+4OpNh9u7ZkpRHla+/swsfrFWRRbBNP5Bcu74AGLstwU\r\n"
+"zM8gIkBiyfM1Q1qDQISV9trlCG6O8vh8dp/rbI3rfzo99BOHXgFCrzXjCuW4vDsF\r\n"
+"r+Dao26bX3sJ6UnEWg1H3o2x6PpUcvQ36h71/bz4TEbbUUEpe02V4QWuL+wrhHJL\r\n"
+"U7o3SVE3Og7jPF8sat0a50YUWhwEFI256m02KAXLg89ueUyYKEr6rNwhcvXJpvU9\r\n"
+"giIVvd0Sbjjnn7NC4VDbcXV8vw==\r\n"
 "-----END CERTIFICATE-----\r\n";
 const size_t mbedtls_test_cli_crt_rsa_len = sizeof( mbedtls_test_cli_crt_rsa );
 
+/* tests/data_files/cli-rsa.key */
 const char mbedtls_test_cli_key_rsa[] =
 "-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\r\n"
 "MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEAyHTEzLn5tXnpRdkUYLB9u5Pyax6fM60Nj4o8VmXl3ETZzGaF\r\n"
diff --git a/library/x509_create.c b/library/x509_create.c
index df20ec8eb..546e8fa1a 100644
--- a/library/x509_create.c
+++ b/library/x509_create.c
@@ -33,48 +33,84 @@
 
 #include <string.h>
 
+/* Structure linking OIDs for X.509 DN AttributeTypes to their
+ * string representations and default string encodings used by Mbed TLS. */
 typedef struct {
-    const char *name;
-    size_t name_len;
-    const char*oid;
+   const char *name; /* String representation of AttributeType, e.g.
+                      * "CN" or "emailAddress". */
+   size_t name_len;  /* Length of 'name', without trailing 0 byte. */
+   const char *oid;  /* String representation of OID of AttributeType,
+                      * as per RFC 5280, Appendix A.1. */
+   int default_tag;  /* The default character encoding used for the
+                      * given attribute type, e.g.
+                      * MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING for UTF-8. */
 } x509_attr_descriptor_t;
 
 #define ADD_STRLEN( s )     s, sizeof( s ) - 1
 
+/* X.509 DN attributes from RFC 5280, Appendix A.1. */
 static const x509_attr_descriptor_t x509_attrs[] =
 {
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "CN" ),                       MBEDTLS_OID_AT_CN },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "commonName" ),               MBEDTLS_OID_AT_CN },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "C" ),                        MBEDTLS_OID_AT_COUNTRY },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "countryName" ),              MBEDTLS_OID_AT_COUNTRY },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "O" ),                        MBEDTLS_OID_AT_ORGANIZATION },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "organizationName" ),         MBEDTLS_OID_AT_ORGANIZATION },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "L" ),                        MBEDTLS_OID_AT_LOCALITY },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "locality" ),                 MBEDTLS_OID_AT_LOCALITY },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "R" ),                        MBEDTLS_OID_PKCS9_EMAIL },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "OU" ),                       MBEDTLS_OID_AT_ORG_UNIT },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "organizationalUnitName" ),   MBEDTLS_OID_AT_ORG_UNIT },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "ST" ),                       MBEDTLS_OID_AT_STATE },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "stateOrProvinceName" ),      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_STATE },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "emailAddress" ),             MBEDTLS_OID_PKCS9_EMAIL },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "serialNumber" ),             MBEDTLS_OID_AT_SERIAL_NUMBER },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "postalAddress" ),            MBEDTLS_OID_AT_POSTAL_ADDRESS },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "postalCode" ),               MBEDTLS_OID_AT_POSTAL_CODE },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "dnQualifier" ),              MBEDTLS_OID_AT_DN_QUALIFIER },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "title" ),                    MBEDTLS_OID_AT_TITLE },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "surName" ),                  MBEDTLS_OID_AT_SUR_NAME },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "SN" ),                       MBEDTLS_OID_AT_SUR_NAME },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "givenName" ),                MBEDTLS_OID_AT_GIVEN_NAME },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "GN" ),                       MBEDTLS_OID_AT_GIVEN_NAME },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "initials" ),                 MBEDTLS_OID_AT_INITIALS },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "pseudonym" ),                MBEDTLS_OID_AT_PSEUDONYM },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "generationQualifier" ),      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_GENERATION_QUALIFIER },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "domainComponent" ),          MBEDTLS_OID_DOMAIN_COMPONENT },
-    { ADD_STRLEN( "DC" ),                       MBEDTLS_OID_DOMAIN_COMPONENT },
-    { NULL, 0, NULL }
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "CN" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_CN, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "commonName" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_CN, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "C" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_COUNTRY, MBEDTLS_ASN1_PRINTABLE_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "countryName" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_COUNTRY, MBEDTLS_ASN1_PRINTABLE_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "O" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_ORGANIZATION, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "organizationName" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_ORGANIZATION, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "L" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_LOCALITY, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "locality" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_LOCALITY, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "R" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_PKCS9_EMAIL, MBEDTLS_ASN1_IA5_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "OU" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_ORG_UNIT, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "organizationalUnitName" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_ORG_UNIT, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "ST" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_STATE, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "stateOrProvinceName" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_STATE, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "emailAddress" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_PKCS9_EMAIL, MBEDTLS_ASN1_IA5_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "serialNumber" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_SERIAL_NUMBER, MBEDTLS_ASN1_PRINTABLE_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "postalAddress" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_POSTAL_ADDRESS, MBEDTLS_ASN1_PRINTABLE_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "postalCode" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_POSTAL_CODE, MBEDTLS_ASN1_PRINTABLE_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "dnQualifier" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_DN_QUALIFIER, MBEDTLS_ASN1_PRINTABLE_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "title" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_TITLE, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "surName" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_SUR_NAME, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "SN" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_SUR_NAME, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "givenName" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_GIVEN_NAME, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "GN" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_GIVEN_NAME, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "initials" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_INITIALS, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "pseudonym" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_PSEUDONYM, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "generationQualifier" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_AT_GENERATION_QUALIFIER, MBEDTLS_ASN1_UTF8_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "domainComponent" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_DOMAIN_COMPONENT, MBEDTLS_ASN1_IA5_STRING },
+    { ADD_STRLEN( "DC" ),
+      MBEDTLS_OID_DOMAIN_COMPONENT,   MBEDTLS_ASN1_IA5_STRING },
+    { NULL, 0, NULL, MBEDTLS_ASN1_NULL }
 };
 
-static const char *x509_at_oid_from_name( const char *name, size_t name_len )
+static const x509_attr_descriptor_t *x509_attr_descr_from_name( const char *name, size_t name_len )
 {
     const x509_attr_descriptor_t *cur;
 
@@ -83,7 +119,10 @@ static const char *x509_at_oid_from_name( const char *name, size_t name_len )
             strncmp( cur->name, name, name_len ) == 0 )
             break;
 
-    return( cur->oid );
+    if ( cur->name == NULL )
+        return( NULL );
+
+    return( cur );
 }
 
 int mbedtls_x509_string_to_names( mbedtls_asn1_named_data **head, const char *name )
@@ -92,6 +131,7 @@ int mbedtls_x509_string_to_names( mbedtls_asn1_named_data **head, const char *na
     const char *s = name, *c = s;
     const char *end = s + strlen( s );
     const char *oid = NULL;
+    const x509_attr_descriptor_t* attr_descr = NULL;
     int in_tag = 1;
     char data[MBEDTLS_X509_MAX_DN_NAME_SIZE];
     char *d = data;
@@ -103,12 +143,13 @@ int mbedtls_x509_string_to_names( mbedtls_asn1_named_data **head, const char *na
     {
         if( in_tag && *c == '=' )
         {
-            if( ( oid = x509_at_oid_from_name( s, c - s ) ) == NULL )
+            if( ( attr_descr = x509_attr_descr_from_name( s, c - s ) ) == NULL )
             {
                 ret = MBEDTLS_ERR_X509_UNKNOWN_OID;
                 goto exit;
             }
 
+            oid = attr_descr->oid;
             s = c + 1;
             in_tag = 0;
             d = data;
@@ -127,13 +168,19 @@ int mbedtls_x509_string_to_names( mbedtls_asn1_named_data **head, const char *na
         }
         else if( !in_tag && ( *c == ',' || c == end ) )
         {
-            if( mbedtls_asn1_store_named_data( head, oid, strlen( oid ),
-                                       (unsigned char *) data,
-                                       d - data ) == NULL )
+            mbedtls_asn1_named_data* cur =
+                mbedtls_asn1_store_named_data( head, oid, strlen( oid ),
+                                               (unsigned char *) data,
+                                               d - data );
+
+            if(cur == NULL )
             {
                 return( MBEDTLS_ERR_X509_ALLOC_FAILED );
             }
 
+            // set tagType
+            cur->val.tag = attr_descr->default_tag;
+
             while( c < end && *(c + 1) == ' ' )
                 c++;
 
@@ -192,46 +239,40 @@ int mbedtls_x509_set_extension( mbedtls_asn1_named_data **head, const char *oid,
  *
  *  AttributeValue ::= ANY DEFINED BY AttributeType
  */
-static int x509_write_name( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
-                            const char *oid, size_t oid_len,
-                            const unsigned char *name, size_t name_len )
+static int x509_write_name( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start, mbedtls_asn1_named_data* cur_name)
 {
     int ret;
     size_t len = 0;
+    const char *oid             = (const char*)cur_name->oid.p;
+    size_t oid_len              = cur_name->oid.len;
+    const unsigned char *name   = cur_name->val.p;
+    size_t name_len             = cur_name->val.len;
 
-    // Write PrintableString for all except MBEDTLS_OID_PKCS9_EMAIL
-    //
-    if( MBEDTLS_OID_SIZE( MBEDTLS_OID_PKCS9_EMAIL ) == oid_len &&
-        memcmp( oid, MBEDTLS_OID_PKCS9_EMAIL, oid_len ) == 0 )
-    {
-        MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_ia5_string( p, start,
-                                                  (const char *) name,
-                                                  name_len ) );
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_printable_string( p, start,
-                                                        (const char *) name,
-                                                        name_len ) );
-    }
-
+    // Write correct string tag and value
+    MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_tagged_string( p, start,
+                                                       cur_name->val.tag,
+                                                       (const char *) name,
+                                                       name_len ) );
     // Write OID
     //
-    MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_oid( p, start, oid, oid_len ) );
+    MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_oid( p, start, oid,
+                                                       oid_len ) );
 
     MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_len( p, start, len ) );
-    MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_tag( p, start, MBEDTLS_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED |
-                                                 MBEDTLS_ASN1_SEQUENCE ) );
+    MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_tag( p, start,
+                                                    MBEDTLS_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED |
+                                                    MBEDTLS_ASN1_SEQUENCE ) );
 
     MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_len( p, start, len ) );
-    MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_tag( p, start, MBEDTLS_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED |
+    MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, mbedtls_asn1_write_tag( p, start,
+                                                 MBEDTLS_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED |
                                                  MBEDTLS_ASN1_SET ) );
 
     return( (int) len );
 }
 
 int mbedtls_x509_write_names( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
-                      mbedtls_asn1_named_data *first )
+                              mbedtls_asn1_named_data *first )
 {
     int ret;
     size_t len = 0;
@@ -239,9 +280,7 @@ int mbedtls_x509_write_names( unsigned char **p, unsigned char *start,
 
     while( cur != NULL )
     {
-        MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, x509_write_name( p, start, (char *) cur->oid.p,
-                                            cur->oid.len,
-                                            cur->val.p, cur->val.len ) );
+        MBEDTLS_ASN1_CHK_ADD( len, x509_write_name( p, start, cur ) );
         cur = cur->next;
     }
 
diff --git a/programs/x509/cert_req.c b/programs/x509/cert_req.c
index a32ac505f..8c56287b6 100644
--- a/programs/x509/cert_req.c
+++ b/programs/x509/cert_req.c
@@ -59,16 +59,19 @@ int main( void )
 #include <string.h>
 
 #define DFL_FILENAME            "keyfile.key"
+#define DFL_PASSWORD            NULL
 #define DFL_DEBUG_LEVEL         0
 #define DFL_OUTPUT_FILENAME     "cert.req"
 #define DFL_SUBJECT_NAME        "CN=Cert,O=mbed TLS,C=UK"
 #define DFL_KEY_USAGE           0
 #define DFL_NS_CERT_TYPE        0
+#define DFL_MD_ALG              MBEDTLS_MD_SHA256
 
 #define USAGE \
     "\n usage: cert_req param=<>...\n"                  \
     "\n acceptable parameters:\n"                       \
     "    filename=%%s         default: keyfile.key\n"   \
+    "    password=%%s         default: NULL\n"          \
     "    debug_level=%%d      default: 0 (disabled)\n"  \
     "    output_file=%%s      default: cert.req\n"      \
     "    subject_name=%%s     default: CN=Cert,O=mbed TLS,C=UK\n"   \
@@ -90,6 +93,11 @@ int main( void )
     "                          ssl_ca\n"                \
     "                          email_ca\n"              \
     "                          object_signing_ca\n"     \
+    "    md=%%s               default: SHA256\n"       \
+    "                          possible values:\n"     \
+    "                          MD4, MD5, SHA1\n"       \
+    "                          SHA224, SHA256\n"       \
+    "                          SHA384, SHA512\n"       \
     "\n"
 
 /*
@@ -98,11 +106,13 @@ int main( void )
 struct options
 {
     const char *filename;       /* filename of the key file             */
+    const char *password;       /* password for the key file            */
     int debug_level;            /* level of debugging                   */
     const char *output_file;    /* where to store the constructed key file  */
     const char *subject_name;   /* subject name for certificate request */
     unsigned char key_usage;    /* key usage flags                      */
     unsigned char ns_cert_type; /* NS cert type                         */
+    mbedtls_md_type_t md_alg;   /* Hash algorithm used for signature.   */
 } opt;
 
 int write_certificate_request( mbedtls_x509write_csr *req, const char *output_file,
@@ -151,7 +161,6 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
      * Set to sane values
      */
     mbedtls_x509write_csr_init( &req );
-    mbedtls_x509write_csr_set_md_alg( &req, MBEDTLS_MD_SHA256 );
     mbedtls_pk_init( &key );
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_init( &ctr_drbg );
     memset( buf, 0, sizeof( buf ) );
@@ -164,11 +173,13 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     }
 
     opt.filename            = DFL_FILENAME;
+    opt.password            = DFL_PASSWORD;
     opt.debug_level         = DFL_DEBUG_LEVEL;
     opt.output_file         = DFL_OUTPUT_FILENAME;
     opt.subject_name        = DFL_SUBJECT_NAME;
     opt.key_usage           = DFL_KEY_USAGE;
     opt.ns_cert_type        = DFL_NS_CERT_TYPE;
+    opt.md_alg              = DFL_MD_ALG;
 
     for( i = 1; i < argc; i++ )
     {
@@ -180,6 +191,8 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 
         if( strcmp( p, "filename" ) == 0 )
             opt.filename = q;
+        else if( strcmp( p, "password" ) == 0 )
+            opt.password = q;
         else if( strcmp( p, "output_file" ) == 0 )
             opt.output_file = q;
         else if( strcmp( p, "debug_level" ) == 0 )
@@ -192,6 +205,54 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
         {
             opt.subject_name = q;
         }
+        else if( strcmp( p, "md" ) == 0 )
+        {
+            if( strcmp( q, "SHA256" ) == 0 )
+            {
+                opt.md_alg = MBEDTLS_MD_SHA256;
+            }
+            else if( strcmp( q, "SHA224" ) == 0 )
+            {
+                opt.md_alg = MBEDTLS_MD_SHA224;
+            }
+            else
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_MD5_C)
+            if( strcmp( q, "MD5" ) == 0 )
+            {
+                opt.md_alg = MBEDTLS_MD_MD5;
+            }
+            else
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_MD5_C */
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_MD4_C)
+            if( strcmp( q, "MD4" ) == 0 )
+            {
+                opt.md_alg = MBEDTLS_MD_MD4;
+            }
+            else
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_MD5_C */
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_SHA1_C)
+            if( strcmp( q, "SHA1" ) == 0 )
+            {
+                opt.md_alg = MBEDTLS_MD_SHA1;
+            }
+            else
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_SHA1_C */
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_SHA512_C)
+            if( strcmp( q, "SHA384" ) == 0 )
+            {
+                opt.md_alg = MBEDTLS_MD_SHA384;
+            }
+            else
+            if( strcmp( q, "SHA512" ) == 0 )
+            {
+                opt.md_alg = MBEDTLS_MD_SHA512;
+            }
+            else
+#endif /* MBEDTLS_SHA512_C */
+            {
+                goto usage;
+            }
+        }
         else if( strcmp( p, "key_usage" ) == 0 )
         {
             while( q != NULL )
@@ -250,6 +311,8 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
             goto usage;
     }
 
+    mbedtls_x509write_csr_set_md_alg( &req, opt.md_alg );
+
     if( opt.key_usage )
         mbedtls_x509write_csr_set_key_usage( &req, opt.key_usage );
 
@@ -293,7 +356,7 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     mbedtls_printf( "  . Loading the private key ..." );
     fflush( stdout );
 
-    ret = mbedtls_pk_parse_keyfile( &key, opt.filename, NULL );
+    ret = mbedtls_pk_parse_keyfile( &key, opt.filename, opt.password );
 
     if( ret != 0 )
     {
diff --git a/tests/data_files/Makefile b/tests/data_files/Makefile
index df2c03488..2ed32e689 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/Makefile
+++ b/tests/data_files/Makefile
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 OPENSSL ?= openssl
 FAKETIME ?= faketime
 MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE ?= $(PWD)/../../programs/x509/cert_write
+MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ ?= $(PWD)/../../programs/x509/cert_req
+
 
 ## Build the generated test data. Note that since the final outputs
 ## are committed to the repository, this target should do nothing on a
@@ -37,14 +39,20 @@ test_ca_key_file_rsa = test-ca.key
 test_ca_pwd_rsa = PolarSSLTest
 test_ca_config_file = test-ca.opensslconf
 
-test-ca.csr: $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) $(test_ca_config_file)
-	$(OPENSSL) req -new -config $(test_ca_config_file) -key $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -subj "/C=NL/O=PolarSSL/CN=PolarSSL Test CA" -out $@
-all_intermediate += test-ca.csr
-test-ca-sha1.crt: $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) $(test_ca_config_file) test-ca.csr
-	$(OPENSSL) req -x509 -config $(test_ca_config_file) -key $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -set_serial 0 -days 3653 -sha1 -in test-ca.csr -out $@
+test-ca.req.sha256: $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) password=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Test CA" md=SHA256
+all_intermediate += test-ca.req.sha256
+
+test-ca.crt: $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) test-ca.req.sha256
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) is_ca=1 serial=3 request_file=test-ca.req.sha256 selfsign=1 issuer_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Test CA" issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) not_before=20110212144400 not_after=20210212144400 md=SHA1 version=3 output_file=$@
+all_final += test-ca.crt
+
+test-ca-sha1.crt: $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) test-ca.req.sha256
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) is_ca=1 serial=3 request_file=test-ca.req.sha256 selfsign=1 issuer_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Test CA" issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) not_before=20110212144400 not_after=20210212144400 md=SHA1 version=3 output_file=$@
 all_final += test-ca-sha1.crt
-test-ca-sha256.crt: $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) $(test_ca_config_file) test-ca.csr
-	$(OPENSSL) req -x509 -config $(test_ca_config_file) -key $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -set_serial 0 -days 3653 -sha256 -in test-ca.csr -out $@
+
+test-ca-sha256.crt: $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) test-ca.req.sha256
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) is_ca=1 serial=3 request_file=test-ca.req.sha256 selfsign=1 issuer_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Test CA" issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) not_before=20110212144400 not_after=20210212144400 md=SHA256 version=3 output_file=$@
 all_final += test-ca-sha256.crt
 
 test_ca_key_file_rsa_alt = test-ca-alt.key
@@ -67,6 +75,16 @@ all_final += test-ca-good-alt.crt
 test_ca_crt_file_ec = test-ca2.crt
 test_ca_key_file_ec = test-ca2.key
 
+test_ca_crt_cat12 = test-ca_cat12.crt
+$(test_ca_crt_cat12): $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_crt_file_ec)
+	cat $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_crt_file_ec) > $@
+all_final += $(test_ca_crt_cat12)
+
+test_ca_crt_cat21 = test-ca_cat21.crt
+$(test_ca_crt_cat21): $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_crt_file_ec)
+	cat $(test_ca_crt_file_ec) $(test_ca_crt) > $@
+all_final += $(test_ca_crt_cat21)
+
 test-int-ca.csr: test-int-ca.key $(test_ca_config_file)
 	$(OPENSSL) req -new -config $(test_ca_config_file) -key test-int-ca.key -subj "/C=NL/O=PolarSSL/CN=PolarSSL Test Intermediate CA" -out $@
 all_intermediate += test-int-ca.csr
@@ -85,21 +103,15 @@ cli_crt_key_file_rsa = cli-rsa.key
 cli_crt_extensions_file = cli.opensslconf
 
 cli-rsa.csr: $(cli_crt_key_file_rsa)
-	$(OPENSSL) req -new -key $(cli_crt_key_file_rsa) -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -subj "/C=NL/O=PolarSSL/CN=PolarSSL Client 2" -out $@
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$< subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Client 2" md=SHA1
 all_intermediate += cli-rsa.csr
-cli-rsa-sha1.crt: $(cli_crt_key_file_rsa) test-ca-sha1.crt cli-rsa.csr
-	$(OPENSSL) x509 -req -extfile $(cli_crt_extensions_file) -extensions cli-rsa -CA test-ca-sha1.crt -CAkey $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -set_serial 4 -days 3653 -sha1 -in cli-rsa.csr -out $@
-all_final += cli-rsa-sha1.crt
-cli-rsa-sha256.crt: $(cli_crt_key_file_rsa) test-ca-sha256.crt cli-rsa.csr
-	$(OPENSSL) x509 -req -extfile $(cli_crt_extensions_file) -extensions cli-rsa -CA test-ca-sha256.crt -CAkey $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -set_serial 4 -days 3653 -sha256 -in cli-rsa.csr -out $@
-all_final += cli-rsa-sha256.crt
 
-server2-rsa.csr: server2.key
-	$(OPENSSL) req -new -key server2.key -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -subj "/C=NL/O=PolarSSL/CN=localhost" -out $@
-all_intermediate += server2-rsa.csr
-server2-sha256.crt: server2-rsa.csr
-	$(OPENSSL) x509 -req -extfile $(cli_crt_extensions_file) -extensions cli-rsa -CA test-ca-sha256.crt -CAkey $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -set_serial 4 -days 3653 -sha256 -in server2-rsa.csr -out $@
-all_final += server2-sha256.crt
+cli-rsa-sha1.crt: cli-rsa.csr
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=$< serial=4 issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 version=3 output_file=$@
+
+cli-rsa-sha256.crt: cli-rsa.csr
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=$< serial=4 issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA256 version=3 output_file=$@
+all_final += cli-rsa-sha256.crt
 
 test_ca_int_rsa1 = test-int-ca.crt
 
@@ -727,6 +739,63 @@ ec_prv.pk8param.pem: ec_prv.pk8param.der
 	$(OPENSSL) pkey -in $< -inform DER -out $@
 all_final += ec_prv.pk8param.pem
 
+################################################################
+### Generate CSRs for X.509 write test suite
+################################################################
+
+server1.req.sha1: server1.key
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$< subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Server 1" md=SHA1
+all_final += server1.req.sha1
+
+server1.req.md4: server1.key
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$< subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Server 1" md=MD4
+all_final += server1.req.md4
+
+server1.req.md5: server1.key
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$< subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Server 1" md=MD5
+all_final += server1.req.md5
+
+server1.req.sha224: server1.key
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$< subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Server 1" md=SHA224
+all_final += server1.req.sha224
+
+server1.req.sha256: server1.key
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$< subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Server 1" md=SHA256
+all_final += server1.req.sha256
+
+server1.req.sha384: server1.key
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$< subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Server 1" md=SHA384
+all_final += server1.req.sha384
+
+server1.req.sha512: server1.key
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$< subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Server 1" md=SHA512
+all_final += server1.req.sha512
+
+server1.req.cert_type: server1.key
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$< ns_cert_type=ssl_server subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Server 1" md=SHA1
+all_final += server1.req.cert_type
+
+server1.req.key_usage: server1.key
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$< key_usage=digital_signature,non_repudiation,key_encipherment subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Server 1" md=SHA1
+all_final += server1.req.key_usage
+
+server1.req.ku-ct: server1.key
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$< key_usage=digital_signature,non_repudiation,key_encipherment ns_cert_type=ssl_server subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Server 1" md=SHA1
+all_final += server1.req.ku-ct
+
+# server2*
+
+server2.req.sha256: server2.key
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$< subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=localhost" md=SHA256
+all_intermediate += server2.req.sha256
+
+# server5*
+
+# The use of 'Server 1' in the DN is intentional here, as the DN is hardcoded in the x509_write test suite.'
+server5.req.ku.sha1: server5.key
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_REQ) output_file=$@ filename=$< key_usage=digital_signature,non_repudiation subject_name="C=NL,O=PolarSSL,CN=PolarSSL Server 1" md=SHA1
+all_final += server5.req.ku.sha1
+
 ################################################################
 ### Generate certificates for CRT write check tests
 ################################################################
@@ -743,36 +812,34 @@ test_ca_server1_db = test-ca.server1.db
 test_ca_server1_serial = test-ca.server1.serial
 test_ca_server1_config_file = test-ca.server1.opensslconf
 
-server1.csr: server1.key server1_csr.opensslconf
-	$(OPENSSL) req -keyform PEM -key server1.key -config server1_csr.opensslconf -out $@ -new
-all_final += server1.csr
+# server1*
 
-server1.crt: server1.key server1.csr $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
-	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.csr issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) version=1 not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 version=3 output_file=$@
-server1.noauthid.crt: server1.key server1.csr $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
-	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.csr issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 authority_identifier=0 version=3 output_file=$@
+server1.crt: server1.key server1.req.sha256 $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.req.sha256 issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) version=1 not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 version=3 output_file=$@
+server1.noauthid.crt: server1.key server1.req.sha256 $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.req.sha256 issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 authority_identifier=0 version=3 output_file=$@
 server1.der: server1.crt
 	$(OPENSSL) x509 -inform PEM -in $< -outform DER -out $@
 all_final += server1.crt server1.noauthid.crt server1.der
 
-server1.key_usage.crt: server1.key server1.csr $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
-	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.csr issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) version=1 not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 key_usage=digital_signature,non_repudiation,key_encipherment version=3 output_file=$@
-server1.key_usage_noauthid.crt: server1.key server1.csr $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
-	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.csr issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) version=1 not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 key_usage=digital_signature,non_repudiation,key_encipherment authority_identifier=0 version=3 output_file=$@
+server1.key_usage.crt: server1.key server1.req.sha256 $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.req.sha256 issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) version=1 not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 key_usage=digital_signature,non_repudiation,key_encipherment version=3 output_file=$@
+server1.key_usage_noauthid.crt: server1.key server1.req.sha256 $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.req.sha256 issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) version=1 not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 key_usage=digital_signature,non_repudiation,key_encipherment authority_identifier=0 version=3 output_file=$@
 server1.key_usage.der: server1.key_usage.crt
 	$(OPENSSL) x509 -inform PEM -in $< -outform DER -out $@
 all_final += server1.key_usage.crt server1.key_usage_noauthid.crt server1.key_usage.der
 
-server1.cert_type.crt: server1.key server1.csr $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
-	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.csr issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) version=1 not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 ns_cert_type=ssl_server version=3 output_file=$@
-server1.cert_type_noauthid.crt: server1.key server1.csr $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
-	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.csr issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) version=1 not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 ns_cert_type=ssl_server authority_identifier=0 version=3 output_file=$@
+server1.cert_type.crt: server1.key server1.req.sha256 $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.req.sha256 issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) version=1 not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 ns_cert_type=ssl_server version=3 output_file=$@
+server1.cert_type_noauthid.crt: server1.key server1.req.sha256 $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.req.sha256 issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) version=1 not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 ns_cert_type=ssl_server authority_identifier=0 version=3 output_file=$@
 server1.cert_type.der: server1.cert_type.crt
 	$(OPENSSL) x509 -inform PEM -in $< -outform DER -out $@
 all_final += server1.cert_type.crt server1.cert_type_noauthid.crt server1.cert_type.der
 
-server1.v1.crt: server1.key server1.csr $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
-	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.csr issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) version=1 not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 version=1 output_file=$@
+server1.v1.crt: server1.key server1.req.sha256 $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa)
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server1.req.sha256 issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) version=1 not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 version=1 output_file=$@
 server1.v1.der: server1.v1.crt
 	$(OPENSSL) x509 -inform PEM -in $< -outform DER -out $@
 all_final += server1.v1.crt server1.v1.der
@@ -780,11 +847,11 @@ all_final += server1.v1.crt server1.v1.der
 # OpenSSL-generated certificates for comparison
 # Also provide certificates in DER format to allow
 # direct binary comparison using e.g. dumpasn1
-server1.crt.openssl server1.key_usage.crt.openssl server1.cert_type.crt.openssl: server1.key server1.csr $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) $(test_ca_server1_config_file)
+server1.crt.openssl server1.key_usage.crt.openssl server1.cert_type.crt.openssl: server1.key server1.req.sha256 $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) $(test_ca_server1_config_file)
 	echo "01" > $(test_ca_server1_serial)
 	rm -f $(test_ca_server1_db)
 	touch $(test_ca_server1_db)
-	$(OPENSSL) ca -batch -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -config $(test_ca_server1_config_file) -in server1.csr -extensions v3_ext -extfile $@.v3_ext -out $@
+	$(OPENSSL) ca -batch -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -config $(test_ca_server1_config_file) -in server1.req.sha256 -extensions v3_ext -extfile $@.v3_ext -out $@
 server1.der.openssl: server1.crt.openssl
 	$(OPENSSL) x509 -inform PEM -in $< -outform DER -out $@
 server1.key_usage.der.openssl: server1.key_usage.crt.openssl
@@ -792,15 +859,25 @@ server1.key_usage.der.openssl: server1.key_usage.crt.openssl
 server1.cert_type.der.openssl: server1.cert_type.crt.openssl
 	$(OPENSSL) x509 -inform PEM -in $< -outform DER -out $@
 
-server1.v1.crt.openssl: server1.key server1.csr $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) $(test_ca_server1_config_file)
+server1.v1.crt.openssl: server1.key server1.req.sha256 $(test_ca_crt) $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) $(test_ca_server1_config_file)
 	echo "01" > $(test_ca_server1_serial)
 	rm -f $(test_ca_server1_db)
 	touch $(test_ca_server1_db)
-	$(OPENSSL) ca -batch -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -config $(test_ca_server1_config_file) -in server1.csr -out $@
+	$(OPENSSL) ca -batch -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -config $(test_ca_server1_config_file) -in server1.req.sha256 -out $@
 server1.v1.der.openssl: server1.v1.crt.openssl
 	$(OPENSSL) x509 -inform PEM -in $< -outform DER -out $@
 
-server1_all: server1.csr server1.crt server1.noauthid.crt server1.crt.openssl server1.v1.crt server1.v1.crt.openssl server1.key_usage.crt server1.key_usage_noauthid.crt server1.key_usage.crt.openssl server1.cert_type.crt server1.cert_type_noauthid.crt server1.cert_type.crt.openssl server1.der server1.der.openssl server1.v1.der server1.v1.der.openssl server1.key_usage.der server1.key_usage.der.openssl server1.cert_type.der server1.cert_type.der.openssl
+server1_all: server1.crt server1.noauthid.crt server1.crt.openssl server1.v1.crt server1.v1.crt.openssl server1.key_usage.crt server1.key_usage_noauthid.crt server1.key_usage.crt.openssl server1.cert_type.crt server1.cert_type_noauthid.crt server1.cert_type.crt.openssl server1.der server1.der.openssl server1.v1.der server1.v1.der.openssl server1.key_usage.der server1.key_usage.der.openssl server1.cert_type.der server1.cert_type.der.openssl
+
+# server2*
+
+server2.crt: server2.req.sha256
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server2.req.sha256 serial=2 issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA1 version=3 output_file=$@
+all_final += server2.crt
+
+server2-sha256.crt: server2.req.sha256
+	$(MBEDTLS_CERT_WRITE) request_file=server2.req.sha256 serial=2 issuer_crt=$(test_ca_crt) issuer_key=$(test_ca_key_file_rsa) issuer_pwd=$(test_ca_pwd_rsa) not_before=20110212144406 not_after=20210212144406 md=SHA256 version=3 output_file=$@
+all_final += server2-sha256.crt
 
 
 
diff --git a/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha1.crt b/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha1.crt
index 906f6dfa7..ffbe21a17 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha1.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha1.crt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDhTCCAm2gAwIBAgIBBDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
+MIIDPzCCAiegAwIBAgIBBDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
 MA8GA1UECgwIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMMEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwHhcN
-MTcwNTA1MTMwNzEwWhcNMjcwNTA2MTMwNzEwWjA8MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDERMA8G
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 M60Nj4o8VmXl3ETZzGaFB9X4J7BKNdBjngpuG7fa8H6r7gwQk4ZJGDTzqCrSV/Uu
@@ -9,13 +9,12 @@ M60Nj4o8VmXl3ETZzGaFB9X4J7BKNdBjngpuG7fa8H6r7gwQk4ZJGDTzqCrSV/Uu
 MjDV0/YI0FZPRo7yX/k9Z5GIMC5Cst99++UMd//sMcB4j7/Cf8qtbCHWjdmLao5v
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 /DZrtenNLQNiTrM9AM+vdqBpVoNq0qjU51Bx5rU2BXcFbXvI5MT9TNUhXwIDAQAB
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-7RiD8I4MXB4Qt0sSjxE897pvc4ODem10zXzvedv/q11q1mUn2L1fFc1dGIguk1fn
-I/XP87FCapRobUTYrF6IvdqFaUMQ7lF3GiUIvjDPb4Wt1CyHhi/tu/SfV3fmX3rs
-19UeGnvC7AdQ+OwLt3nEIlSpqVKPXHKfRKZg1WzZNgCQtNB1SrZAzFc=
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+BgNVHSMEGDAWgBS0WuSls97SUva51aaVD+s+vMf9/zANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOC
+AQEAX0vLL6qw6zYaO7a1ZXXJhWL8/vm1+yz5HrnXPX62xBD7P+cVGrOoNbD1QAj9
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+AOaCTn9X73izMRgPbQBnJjknIzoYwWgVFaDEW/lZE0+LLa99/mxFFUBhYzAY+h/R
+rmtslJIyIzTd3sLo+XZ0hNtlBM0u1okOspSWtmoNdSiJDZMJ4LL71xuJYG46Sl/0
+1hH/1pZigeufZgYrQgqG8oHT4A==
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha256.crt b/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha256.crt
index a0fc11e20..c81f98fb3 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha256.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha256.crt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDhTCCAm2gAwIBAgIBBDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
+MIIDPzCCAiegAwIBAgIBBDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
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 M60Nj4o8VmXl3ETZzGaFB9X4J7BKNdBjngpuG7fa8H6r7gwQk4ZJGDTzqCrSV/Uu
@@ -9,13 +9,12 @@ M60Nj4o8VmXl3ETZzGaFB9X4J7BKNdBjngpuG7fa8H6r7gwQk4ZJGDTzqCrSV/Uu
 MjDV0/YI0FZPRo7yX/k9Z5GIMC5Cst99++UMd//sMcB4j7/Cf8qtbCHWjdmLao5v
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+zM8gIkBiyfM1Q1qDQISV9trlCG6O8vh8dp/rbI3rfzo99BOHXgFCrzXjCuW4vDsF
+r+Dao26bX3sJ6UnEWg1H3o2x6PpUcvQ36h71/bz4TEbbUUEpe02V4QWuL+wrhHJL
+U7o3SVE3Og7jPF8sat0a50YUWhwEFI256m02KAXLg89ueUyYKEr6rNwhcvXJpvU9
+giIVvd0Sbjjnn7NC4VDbcXV8vw==
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.cert_type.crt b/tests/data_files/server1.cert_type.crt
index 91c3a9021..cf384cbaf 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.cert_type.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.cert_type.crt
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIDUjCCAjqgAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
-MA8GA1UEChMIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMTEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwHhcN
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 d185fAkER4KwVzlw7aPsFRkeqDMIR8EFQqn9TMO0390GH00QUUBncxMPQPhtgSVf
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ lZvc/kFeF6babFtpzAK6FCwWJJxK3M3Q91Jnc/EtoCP9fvQxyi1wyokLBNsupk9w
 bp7OvViJ4lNZnm5akmXiiD8MlBmj3eXonZUT7Snbq3AS3FrKaxerUoJUsQIDAQAB
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+EGZT9cpwkrl3cxh+jxAMEuhJLdEScDWHVsiNS5y9yxitWC4NqR4=
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.cert_type_noauthid.crt b/tests/data_files/server1.cert_type_noauthid.crt
index ed8b80baa..7545e0b46 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.cert_type_noauthid.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.cert_type_noauthid.crt
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIDMTCCAhmgAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
-MA8GA1UEChMIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMTEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwHhcN
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@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ CrFTxjB+FTms+Vruf5KepgVb5xOXhbUjktnUJAbVCSWJdQfdphqPPwkZvq1lLGTr
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+8mCO55Q=
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.crt b/tests/data_files/server1.crt
index d81b26afc..dfc92b3ee 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.crt
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIDPzCCAiegAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
-MA8GA1UEChMIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMTEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwHhcN
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 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.key_usage.crt b/tests/data_files/server1.key_usage.crt
index 8f4e59f2d..3a678ff31 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.key_usage.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.key_usage.crt
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.key_usage_noauthid.crt b/tests/data_files/server1.key_usage_noauthid.crt
index d66e51535..4a72ac1bc 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.key_usage_noauthid.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.key_usage_noauthid.crt
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.noauthid.crt b/tests/data_files/server1.noauthid.crt
index 99c004f62..f778ae9e4 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.noauthid.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.noauthid.crt
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.req.cert_type b/tests/data_files/server1.req.cert_type
index 5677f32be..b9b9f067c 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.req.cert_type
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.req.cert_type
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
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 -----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.req.key_usage b/tests/data_files/server1.req.key_usage
index 053aed909..4c20eeded 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.req.key_usage
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.req.key_usage
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
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 -----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.req.ku-ct b/tests/data_files/server1.req.ku-ct
index 0e057d58a..98666d272 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.req.ku-ct
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.req.ku-ct
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
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@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ W+cTl4W1I5LZ1CQG1QkliXUH3aYajz8JGb6tZSxk65Wb3P5BXhem2mxbacwCuhQs
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 -----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.req.md4 b/tests/data_files/server1.req.md4
index 44c53d760..15585499c 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.req.md4
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.req.md4
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
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diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.req.md5 b/tests/data_files/server1.req.md5
index 950f5c4bd..57714ede3 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.req.md5
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.req.md5
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
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diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha1 b/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha1
index f4c61bc57..578ec7f79 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha1
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha1
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diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha224 b/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha224
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--- a/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha224
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diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha256 b/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha256
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--- a/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha256
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diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha384 b/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha384
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--- a/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha384
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diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha512 b/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha512
index 43d709533..85d52460d 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha512
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.req.sha512
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diff --git a/tests/data_files/server1.v1.crt b/tests/data_files/server1.v1.crt
index b13be4351..e85ed30fc 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server1.v1.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/server1.v1.crt
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
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-U7L/7aZ3A5wsQp9GPDliSjpeYCf5tok/bvjG4xU041pGQ7yVNpu2mEIoqDz9v+Ay
-IKqsWradEnFG/1ov78a2RB+2+iIPE4iCDtmKUkgPjQ==
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+pBjHEIkmil2/30+Rqk4SbZvo99MMPGIOREOJ81sNRw==
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/server2-sha256.crt b/tests/data_files/server2-sha256.crt
index 006d9dbed..f8a5b8b97 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server2-sha256.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/server2-sha256.crt
@@ -1,21 +1,20 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDfTCCAmWgAwIBAgIBBDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
+MIIDNzCCAh+gAwIBAgIBAjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
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-MTcwNTA5MTM1MTA1WhcNMjcwNTEwMTM1MTA1WjA0MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDERMA8G
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-BgNVHQ4EFgQUpQXoZLjc32APUBJNYKhkr02LQ5MwYwYDVR0jBFwwWoAUtFrkpbPe
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-clNTTDEZMBcGA1UEAwwQUG9sYXJTU0wgVGVzdCBDQYIBADAJBgNVHRMEAjAAMA0G
-CSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4IBAQAQf85QSjAeP+l6hirPorUL+k/3BznAh/6RXdveBO3K
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-IpUuabkxMBFxmLv+nOBDOiaCzintEcdJdY4F6p5j8jwMvVNVAXNfxAEwa0MoVRTt
-/GORvq4ZEfsatVA+HRi602m+dZETTWKSODrj8AuQcG8/i1AOhk3C1WNOFKj/ZSfB
-2P6EQmhLeRp4bO+3rG73T3R2yn0PZYQ7ZrjFPPKqgu+n
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+eBoPez9d+CCjkrhseiWzXOiriIMICX48EloO/DrsMRAtvlwq7EDz4QhILz6ffndm
+e4K1cVANRPN2o9Y=
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/server2.crt b/tests/data_files/server2.crt
index dca4c2423..33393ee1b 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server2.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/server2.crt
@@ -1,65 +1,8 @@
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 2 (0x2)
-        Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Feb 12 14:44:06 2011 GMT
-            Not After : Feb 12 14:44:06 2021 GMT
-        Subject: C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=localhost
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-            RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
-                Modulus (2048 bit):
-                    00:c1:4d:a3:dd:e7:cd:1d:d1:04:d7:49:72:b8:99:
-                    ac:0e:78:e4:3a:3c:4a:cf:3a:13:16:d0:5a:e4:cd:
-                    a3:00:88:a7:ee:1e:6b:96:a7:52:b4:90:ef:2d:72:
-                    7a:3e:24:9a:fc:b6:34:ac:24:f5:77:e0:26:64:8c:
-                    9c:b0:28:7d:a1:da:ea:8c:e6:c9:1c:96:bc:fe:c1:
-                    04:52:b3:36:d4:a3:fa:e1:b1:76:d8:90:c1:61:b4:
-                    66:52:36:a2:26:53:aa:ab:74:5e:07:7d:19:82:db:
-                    2a:d8:1f:a0:d9:0d:1c:2d:49:66:f7:5b:25:73:46:
-                    e8:0b:8a:4f:69:0c:b5:00:90:e1:da:82:10:66:7d:
-                    ae:54:2b:8b:65:79:91:a1:e2:61:c3:cd:40:49:08:
-                    ee:68:0c:f1:8b:86:d2:46:bf:d0:b8:aa:11:03:1e:
-                    7f:56:a8:1a:1e:44:18:0f:0f:85:8b:da:8b:44:5e:
-                    e2:18:c6:62:2f:c7:66:8d:fa:5d:d8:7d:f3:27:89:
-                    29:01:c5:90:0e:3f:27:f1:30:c8:4a:0e:ef:d6:de:
-                    c7:c7:27:6b:c7:05:3d:7a:c4:02:3c:9a:1d:3e:0f:
-                    e8:34:98:5b:cb:73:4b:52:96:d8:11:a2:2c:80:88:
-                    69:39:5a:d3:0f:b0:de:59:2f:11:c7:f7:ea:12:01:
-                    30:97
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Basic Constraints: 
-                CA:FALSE
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
-                A5:05:E8:64:B8:DC:DF:60:0F:50:12:4D:60:A8:64:AF:4D:8B:43:93
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
-                keyid:B4:5A:E4:A5:B3:DE:D2:52:F6:B9:D5:A6:95:0F:EB:3E:BC:C7:FD:FF
-
-    Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
-        9c:67:5c:29:58:a0:79:1b:a7:bd:1c:a8:1a:ec:19:72:f2:6c:
-        0e:f8:73:36:ce:e5:17:4b:12:01:6c:ee:b1:d5:4b:da:fe:73:
-        6f:77:96:e4:bf:29:d9:62:2d:27:19:a8:0c:d8:57:29:70:51:
-        f4:56:bc:a3:28:5a:11:d8:2a:9d:dd:10:84:b8:c5:35:e4:eb:
-        fe:73:5f:18:6f:f5:1c:3c:48:67:3c:aa:7e:af:21:31:e4:d5:
-        2d:66:3d:eb:ed:7a:48:1a:b1:8e:58:89:64:2e:33:78:78:61:
-        59:51:1f:71:c7:10:c0:03:d5:39:c0:7b:17:d7:1c:70:c5:40:
-        67:be:05:dd:62:01:bc:f5:fe:c1:fd:1f:c9:78:4a:dc:17:e9:
-        e8:2f:4c:ad:cc:c1:74:70:90:a9:2f:8c:a6:84:0c:0f:40:4d:
-        b6:71:d2:62:3c:2c:6b:31:4a:e0:aa:7b:da:fd:77:28:e6:b6:
-        d7:78:ec:9d:69:d5:1b:a5:cf:70:8b:cd:a4:5c:54:8b:92:45:
-        14:1f:68:3f:27:78:cf:5c:d5:2f:e2:27:f6:a6:4d:5a:89:c4:
-        0d:4a:39:d3:92:e7:bf:34:5a:13:df:48:0a:c0:fa:0e:2a:02:
-        64:a3:7a:57:37:a7:8c:16:a6:16:bc:ce:1b:98:c2:35:6e:5f:
-        a2:47:1b:47
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIDNzCCAh+gAwIBAgIBAjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
-MA8GA1UEChMIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMTEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwHhcN
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-A1UEChMIUG9sYXJTU0wxEjAQBgNVBAMTCWxvY2FsaG9zdDCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcN
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 NtSj+uGxdtiQwWG0ZlI2oiZTqqt0Xgd9GYLbKtgfoNkNHC1JZvdbJXNG6AuKT2kM
@@ -67,11 +10,11 @@ tQCQ4dqCEGZ9rlQri2V5kaHiYcPNQEkI7mgM8YuG0ka/0LiqEQMef1aoGh5EGA8P
 hYvai0Re4hjGYi/HZo36Xdh98yeJKQHFkA4/J/EwyEoO79bex8cna8cFPXrEAjya
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-iWQuM3h4YVlRH3HHEMAD1TnAexfXHHDFQGe+Bd1iAbz1/sH9H8l4StwX6egvTK3M
-wXRwkKkvjKaEDA9ATbZx0mI8LGsxSuCqe9r9dyjmttd47J1p1Rulz3CLzaRcVIuS
-RRQfaD8neM9c1S/iJ/amTVqJxA1KOdOS5780WhPfSArA+g4qAmSjelc3p4wWpha8
-zhuYwjVuX6JHG0c=
+FoAUtFrkpbPe0lL2udWmlQ/rPrzH/f8wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQADggEBAAFzC0rF
+y6De8WMcdgQrEw3AhBHFjzqnxZw1ene4IBSC7lTw8rBSy3jOWQdPUWn+0y/pCeeF
+kti6sevFdl1hLemGtd4q+T9TKEKGg3ND4ARfB5AUZZ9uEHq8WBkiwus5clGS17Qd
+dS/TOisB59tQruLx1E1bPLtBKyqk4koC5WAULJwfpswGSyWJTpYwIpxcWE3D2tBu
+UB6MZfXZFzWmWEOyKbeoXjXe8GBCGgHLywvYDsGQ36HSGtEsAvR2QaTLSxWYcfk1
+fbDn4jSWkb4yZy1r01UEigFQtONieGwRFaUqEcFJHJvEEGVgh9keaVlOj2vrwf5r
+4mN4lW7gLdenN6g=
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/server5.req.ku.sha1 b/tests/data_files/server5.req.ku.sha1
index 7556d1a05..39fc346b4 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/server5.req.ku.sha1
+++ b/tests/data_files/server5.req.ku.sha1
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
-MIIBFjCBvAIBADA8MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDERMA8GA1UEChMIUG9sYXJTU0wxGjAY
-BgNVBAMTEVBvbGFyU1NMIFNlcnZlciAxMFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcD
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-AgHAMAsGByqGSM49BAEFAANIADBFAiBjnnD7nwsFnCL+MpPPFJE3K/Tgj+5rAgXj
-e5UejDX2CAIhAKdbigWJL/ZatvG9CFHq7ykrRns2x8JEXehWu8DsXdx9
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+mIXzSpcBwvACIQDf7f9ytclwouV1DQTFSUKxExIm48H60hk3lh19i3bGOw==
 -----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/test-ca-alt-good.crt b/tests/data_files/test-ca-alt-good.crt
index 50c145358..f9beba032 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/test-ca-alt-good.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/test-ca-alt-good.crt
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ QHOkQQQJM9UoV0fEA1N5lsc9uSQxPmZCVMw/W+MFIEkH6nbgh0bM/qjcaqDsWXyT
 n5RutVDPESLLKaZxeR7J8srX/0nzhOiPIX+hDRWqhwQLxVkkRs6MxVDoiw==
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDhzCCAm+gAwIBAgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
+MIIDQTCCAimgAwIBAgIBAzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
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 mdTs6st8GFgIlKXsm8WL3xoemTiZhx57wI053zhdcHgH057Zk+i5clHFzqMwUqny
@@ -30,13 +30,12 @@ mdTs6st8GFgIlKXsm8WL3xoemTiZhx57wI053zhdcHgH057Zk+i5clHFzqMwUqny
 YMPGn8u67GB9t+aEMr5P+1gmIgNb1LTV+/Xjli5wwOQuvfwu7uJBVcA0Ln0kcmnL
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+5pE6Sam4qFsCNFJNBV9FRf3ZBMFi
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/test-ca-good-alt.crt b/tests/data_files/test-ca-good-alt.crt
index 9edf4c228..f360a7696 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/test-ca-good-alt.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/test-ca-good-alt.crt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDhzCCAm+gAwIBAgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
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 mdTs6st8GFgIlKXsm8WL3xoemTiZhx57wI053zhdcHgH057Zk+i5clHFzqMwUqny
@@ -9,15 +9,14 @@ mdTs6st8GFgIlKXsm8WL3xoemTiZhx57wI053zhdcHgH057Zk+i5clHFzqMwUqny
 YMPGn8u67GB9t+aEMr5P+1gmIgNb1LTV+/Xjli5wwOQuvfwu7uJBVcA0Ln0kcmnL
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 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIIDhzCCAm+gAwIBAgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
diff --git a/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha1.crt b/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha1.crt
index 7cb35d48b..e8b537c72 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha1.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha1.crt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDhzCCAm+gAwIBAgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
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 mdTs6st8GFgIlKXsm8WL3xoemTiZhx57wI053zhdcHgH057Zk+i5clHFzqMwUqny
@@ -9,13 +9,12 @@ mdTs6st8GFgIlKXsm8WL3xoemTiZhx57wI053zhdcHgH057Zk+i5clHFzqMwUqny
 YMPGn8u67GB9t+aEMr5P+1gmIgNb1LTV+/Xjli5wwOQuvfwu7uJBVcA0Ln0kcmnL
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+NWqiX9GyusBZjezaCaHabjDLU0qQ
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha256.crt b/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha256.crt
index b14e405dd..9b08fe20a 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha256.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha256.crt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDhzCCAm+gAwIBAgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
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 mdTs6st8GFgIlKXsm8WL3xoemTiZhx57wI053zhdcHgH057Zk+i5clHFzqMwUqny
@@ -9,13 +9,12 @@ mdTs6st8GFgIlKXsm8WL3xoemTiZhx57wI053zhdcHgH057Zk+i5clHFzqMwUqny
 YMPGn8u67GB9t+aEMr5P+1gmIgNb1LTV+/Xjli5wwOQuvfwu7uJBVcA0Ln0kcmnL
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+5pE6Sam4qFsCNFJNBV9FRf3ZBMFi
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/test-ca.crt b/tests/data_files/test-ca.crt
index f0eee2b82..e8b537c72 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/test-ca.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/test-ca.crt
@@ -1,80 +1,20 @@
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 0 (0x0)
-        Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Feb 12 14:44:00 2011 GMT
-            Not After : Feb 12 14:44:00 2021 GMT
-        Subject: C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-            RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
-                Modulus (2048 bit):
-                    00:c0:df:37:fc:17:bb:e0:96:9d:3f:86:de:96:32:
-                    7d:44:a5:16:a0:cd:21:f1:99:d4:ec:ea:cb:7c:18:
-                    58:08:94:a5:ec:9b:c5:8b:df:1a:1e:99:38:99:87:
-                    1e:7b:c0:8d:39:df:38:5d:70:78:07:d3:9e:d9:93:
-                    e8:b9:72:51:c5:ce:a3:30:52:a9:f2:e7:40:70:14:
-                    cb:44:a2:72:0b:c2:e5:40:f9:3e:e5:a6:0e:b3:f9:
-                    ec:4a:63:c0:b8:29:00:74:9c:57:3b:a8:a5:04:90:
-                    71:f1:bd:83:d9:3f:d6:a5:e2:3c:2a:8f:ef:27:60:
-                    c3:c6:9f:cb:ba:ec:60:7d:b7:e6:84:32:be:4f:fb:
-                    58:26:22:03:5b:d4:b4:d5:fb:f5:e3:96:2e:70:c0:
-                    e4:2e:bd:fc:2e:ee:e2:41:55:c0:34:2e:7d:24:72:
-                    69:cb:47:b1:14:40:83:7d:67:f4:86:f6:31:ab:f1:
-                    79:a4:b2:b5:2e:12:f9:84:17:f0:62:6f:27:3e:13:
-                    58:b1:54:0d:21:9a:73:37:a1:30:cf:6f:92:dc:f6:
-                    e9:fc:ac:db:2e:28:d1:7e:02:4b:23:a0:15:f2:38:
-                    65:64:09:ea:0c:6e:8e:1b:17:a0:71:c8:b3:9b:c9:
-                    ab:e9:c3:f2:cf:87:96:8f:80:02:32:9e:99:58:6f:
-                    a2:d5
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Basic Constraints: 
-                CA:TRUE
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
-                B4:5A:E4:A5:B3:DE:D2:52:F6:B9:D5:A6:95:0F:EB:3E:BC:C7:FD:FF
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
-                keyid:B4:5A:E4:A5:B3:DE:D2:52:F6:B9:D5:A6:95:0F:EB:3E:BC:C7:FD:FF
-                DirName:/C=NL/O=PolarSSL/CN=PolarSSL Test CA
-                serial:00
-
-    Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
-        b8:fd:54:d8:00:54:90:8b:25:b0:27:dd:95:cd:a2:f7:84:07:
-        1d:87:89:4a:c4:78:11:d8:07:b5:d7:22:50:8e:48:eb:62:7a:
-        32:89:be:63:47:53:ff:b6:be:f1:2e:8c:54:c0:99:3f:a0:b9:
-        37:23:72:5f:0d:46:59:8f:d8:47:cd:97:4c:9f:07:0c:12:62:
-        09:3a:24:e4:36:d9:e9:2c:da:38:d0:73:75:61:d7:c1:6c:26:
-        8b:9b:e0:d5:dc:67:ed:8c:6b:33:d7:74:22:3c:4c:db:b5:8d:
-        2a:ce:2c:0d:08:59:05:09:05:a6:39:9f:b3:67:1b:e2:83:e5:
-        e1:8f:53:f6:67:93:c7:f9:6f:76:44:58:12:e8:3a:d4:97:e7:
-        e9:c0:3e:a8:7a:72:3d:87:53:1f:e5:2c:84:84:e7:9a:9e:7f:
-        66:d9:1f:9b:f5:13:48:b0:4d:14:d1:de:b2:24:d9:78:7d:f5:
-        35:cc:58:19:d1:d2:99:ef:4d:73:f8:1f:89:d4:5a:d0:52:ce:
-        09:f5:b1:46:51:6a:00:8e:3b:cc:6f:63:01:00:99:ed:9d:a6:
-        08:60:cd:32:18:d0:73:e0:58:71:d9:e5:d2:53:d7:8d:d0:ca:
-        e9:5d:2a:0a:0d:5d:55:ec:21:50:17:16:e6:06:4a:cd:5e:de:
-        f7:e0:e9:54
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDhzCCAm+gAwIBAgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
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-gZUwgZIwDAYDVR0TBAUwAwEB/zAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUtFrkpbPe0lL2udWmlQ/rPrzH
-/f8wYwYDVR0jBFwwWoAUtFrkpbPe0lL2udWmlQ/rPrzH/f+hP6Q9MDsxCzAJBgNV
-BAYTAk5MMREwDwYDVQQKEwhQb2xhclNTTDEZMBcGA1UEAxMQUG9sYXJTU0wgVGVz
-dCBDQYIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAuP1U2ABUkIslsCfdlc2i94QHHYeJ
-SsR4EdgHtdciUI5I62J6Mom+Y0dT/7a+8S6MVMCZP6C5NyNyXw1GWY/YR82XTJ8H
-DBJiCTok5DbZ6SzaONBzdWHXwWwmi5vg1dxn7YxrM9d0IjxM27WNKs4sDQhZBQkF
-pjmfs2cb4oPl4Y9T9meTx/lvdkRYEug61Jfn6cA+qHpyPYdTH+UshITnmp5/Ztkf
-m/UTSLBNFNHesiTZeH31NcxYGdHSme9Nc/gfidRa0FLOCfWxRlFqAI47zG9jAQCZ
-7Z2mCGDNMhjQc+BYcdnl0lPXjdDK6V0qCg1dVewhUBcW5gZKzV7e9+DpVA==
+UDBOMAwGA1UdEwQFMAMBAf8wHQYDVR0OBBYEFLRa5KWz3tJS9rnVppUP6z68x/3/
+MB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFLRa5KWz3tJS9rnVppUP6z68x/3/MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUA
+A4IBAQABE3OEPfEd/bcJW5ZdU3/VgPNS4tMzh8gnJP/V2FcvFtGylMpQq6YnEBYI
+yBHAL4DRvlMY5rnXGBp3ODR8MpqHC6AquRTCLzjS57iYff//4QFQqW9n92zctspv
+czkaPKgjqo1No3Uq0Xaz10rcxyTUPrf5wNVRZ2V0KvllvAAVSzbI4mpdUXztjhST
+S5A2BeWQAAOr0zq1F7TSRVJpJs7jmB2ai/igkh1IAjcuwV6VwlP+sbw0gjQ0NpGM
+iHpnlzRAi/tIbtOvMIGOBU2TIfax/5jq1agUx5aPmT5TWAiJPOOP6l5xXnDwxeYS
+NWqiX9GyusBZjezaCaHabjDLU0qQ
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/test-ca_cat12.crt b/tests/data_files/test-ca_cat12.crt
index 5e4bf063d..d989e3b13 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/test-ca_cat12.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/test-ca_cat12.crt
@@ -1,82 +1,22 @@
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 0 (0x0)
-        Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Feb 12 14:44:00 2011 GMT
-            Not After : Feb 12 14:44:00 2021 GMT
-        Subject: C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-            RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
-                Modulus (2048 bit):
-                    00:c0:df:37:fc:17:bb:e0:96:9d:3f:86:de:96:32:
-                    7d:44:a5:16:a0:cd:21:f1:99:d4:ec:ea:cb:7c:18:
-                    58:08:94:a5:ec:9b:c5:8b:df:1a:1e:99:38:99:87:
-                    1e:7b:c0:8d:39:df:38:5d:70:78:07:d3:9e:d9:93:
-                    e8:b9:72:51:c5:ce:a3:30:52:a9:f2:e7:40:70:14:
-                    cb:44:a2:72:0b:c2:e5:40:f9:3e:e5:a6:0e:b3:f9:
-                    ec:4a:63:c0:b8:29:00:74:9c:57:3b:a8:a5:04:90:
-                    71:f1:bd:83:d9:3f:d6:a5:e2:3c:2a:8f:ef:27:60:
-                    c3:c6:9f:cb:ba:ec:60:7d:b7:e6:84:32:be:4f:fb:
-                    58:26:22:03:5b:d4:b4:d5:fb:f5:e3:96:2e:70:c0:
-                    e4:2e:bd:fc:2e:ee:e2:41:55:c0:34:2e:7d:24:72:
-                    69:cb:47:b1:14:40:83:7d:67:f4:86:f6:31:ab:f1:
-                    79:a4:b2:b5:2e:12:f9:84:17:f0:62:6f:27:3e:13:
-                    58:b1:54:0d:21:9a:73:37:a1:30:cf:6f:92:dc:f6:
-                    e9:fc:ac:db:2e:28:d1:7e:02:4b:23:a0:15:f2:38:
-                    65:64:09:ea:0c:6e:8e:1b:17:a0:71:c8:b3:9b:c9:
-                    ab:e9:c3:f2:cf:87:96:8f:80:02:32:9e:99:58:6f:
-                    a2:d5
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Basic Constraints:
-                CA:TRUE
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
-                B4:5A:E4:A5:B3:DE:D2:52:F6:B9:D5:A6:95:0F:EB:3E:BC:C7:FD:FF
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
-                keyid:B4:5A:E4:A5:B3:DE:D2:52:F6:B9:D5:A6:95:0F:EB:3E:BC:C7:FD:FF
-                DirName:/C=NL/O=PolarSSL/CN=PolarSSL Test CA
-                serial:00
-
-    Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
-        b8:fd:54:d8:00:54:90:8b:25:b0:27:dd:95:cd:a2:f7:84:07:
-        1d:87:89:4a:c4:78:11:d8:07:b5:d7:22:50:8e:48:eb:62:7a:
-        32:89:be:63:47:53:ff:b6:be:f1:2e:8c:54:c0:99:3f:a0:b9:
-        37:23:72:5f:0d:46:59:8f:d8:47:cd:97:4c:9f:07:0c:12:62:
-        09:3a:24:e4:36:d9:e9:2c:da:38:d0:73:75:61:d7:c1:6c:26:
-        8b:9b:e0:d5:dc:67:ed:8c:6b:33:d7:74:22:3c:4c:db:b5:8d:
-        2a:ce:2c:0d:08:59:05:09:05:a6:39:9f:b3:67:1b:e2:83:e5:
-        e1:8f:53:f6:67:93:c7:f9:6f:76:44:58:12:e8:3a:d4:97:e7:
-        e9:c0:3e:a8:7a:72:3d:87:53:1f:e5:2c:84:84:e7:9a:9e:7f:
-        66:d9:1f:9b:f5:13:48:b0:4d:14:d1:de:b2:24:d9:78:7d:f5:
-        35:cc:58:19:d1:d2:99:ef:4d:73:f8:1f:89:d4:5a:d0:52:ce:
-        09:f5:b1:46:51:6a:00:8e:3b:cc:6f:63:01:00:99:ed:9d:a6:
-        08:60:cd:32:18:d0:73:e0:58:71:d9:e5:d2:53:d7:8d:d0:ca:
-        e9:5d:2a:0a:0d:5d:55:ec:21:50:17:16:e6:06:4a:cd:5e:de:
-        f7:e0:e9:54
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDhzCCAm+gAwIBAgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
-MA8GA1UEChMIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMTEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwHhcN
+MIIDQTCCAimgAwIBAgIBAzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
+MA8GA1UECgwIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMMEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwHhcN
 MTEwMjEyMTQ0NDAwWhcNMjEwMjEyMTQ0NDAwWjA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDERMA8G
-A1UEChMIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMTEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwggEiMA0G
+A1UECgwIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMMEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwggEiMA0G
 CSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDA3zf8F7vglp0/ht6WMn1EpRagzSHx
 mdTs6st8GFgIlKXsm8WL3xoemTiZhx57wI053zhdcHgH057Zk+i5clHFzqMwUqny
 50BwFMtEonILwuVA+T7lpg6z+exKY8C4KQB0nFc7qKUEkHHxvYPZP9al4jwqj+8n
 YMPGn8u67GB9t+aEMr5P+1gmIgNb1LTV+/Xjli5wwOQuvfwu7uJBVcA0Ln0kcmnL
 R7EUQIN9Z/SG9jGr8XmksrUuEvmEF/Bibyc+E1ixVA0hmnM3oTDPb5Lc9un8rNsu
 KNF+AksjoBXyOGVkCeoMbo4bF6BxyLObyavpw/LPh5aPgAIynplYb6LVAgMBAAGj
-gZUwgZIwDAYDVR0TBAUwAwEB/zAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUtFrkpbPe0lL2udWmlQ/rPrzH
-/f8wYwYDVR0jBFwwWoAUtFrkpbPe0lL2udWmlQ/rPrzH/f+hP6Q9MDsxCzAJBgNV
-BAYTAk5MMREwDwYDVQQKEwhQb2xhclNTTDEZMBcGA1UEAxMQUG9sYXJTU0wgVGVz
-dCBDQYIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAuP1U2ABUkIslsCfdlc2i94QHHYeJ
-SsR4EdgHtdciUI5I62J6Mom+Y0dT/7a+8S6MVMCZP6C5NyNyXw1GWY/YR82XTJ8H
-DBJiCTok5DbZ6SzaONBzdWHXwWwmi5vg1dxn7YxrM9d0IjxM27WNKs4sDQhZBQkF
-pjmfs2cb4oPl4Y9T9meTx/lvdkRYEug61Jfn6cA+qHpyPYdTH+UshITnmp5/Ztkf
-m/UTSLBNFNHesiTZeH31NcxYGdHSme9Nc/gfidRa0FLOCfWxRlFqAI47zG9jAQCZ
-7Z2mCGDNMhjQc+BYcdnl0lPXjdDK6V0qCg1dVewhUBcW5gZKzV7e9+DpVA==
+UDBOMAwGA1UdEwQFMAMBAf8wHQYDVR0OBBYEFLRa5KWz3tJS9rnVppUP6z68x/3/
+MB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFLRa5KWz3tJS9rnVppUP6z68x/3/MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUA
+A4IBAQABE3OEPfEd/bcJW5ZdU3/VgPNS4tMzh8gnJP/V2FcvFtGylMpQq6YnEBYI
+yBHAL4DRvlMY5rnXGBp3ODR8MpqHC6AquRTCLzjS57iYff//4QFQqW9n92zctspv
+czkaPKgjqo1No3Uq0Xaz10rcxyTUPrf5wNVRZ2V0KvllvAAVSzbI4mpdUXztjhST
+S5A2BeWQAAOr0zq1F7TSRVJpJs7jmB2ai/igkh1IAjcuwV6VwlP+sbw0gjQ0NpGM
+iHpnlzRAi/tIbtOvMIGOBU2TIfax/5jq1agUx5aPmT5TWAiJPOOP6l5xXnDwxeYS
+NWqiX9GyusBZjezaCaHabjDLU0qQ
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
 MIICUjCCAdegAwIBAgIJAMFD4n5iQ8zoMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCMD4xCzAJBgNVBAYT
diff --git a/tests/data_files/test-ca_cat21.crt b/tests/data_files/test-ca_cat21.crt
index 5630789eb..97b4d2c9e 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/test-ca_cat21.crt
+++ b/tests/data_files/test-ca_cat21.crt
@@ -13,83 +13,23 @@ CgYIKoZIzj0EAwIDaQAwZgIxAMO0YnNWKJUAfXgSJtJxexn4ipg+kv4znuR50v56
 t4d0PCu412mUC6Nnd7izvtE2MgIxAP1nnJQjZ8BWukszFQDG48wxCCyci9qpdSMv
 uCjn8pwUOkABXK8Mss90fzCfCEOtIA==
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 0 (0x0)
-        Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Feb 12 14:44:00 2011 GMT
-            Not After : Feb 12 14:44:00 2021 GMT
-        Subject: C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-            RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
-                Modulus (2048 bit):
-                    00:c0:df:37:fc:17:bb:e0:96:9d:3f:86:de:96:32:
-                    7d:44:a5:16:a0:cd:21:f1:99:d4:ec:ea:cb:7c:18:
-                    58:08:94:a5:ec:9b:c5:8b:df:1a:1e:99:38:99:87:
-                    1e:7b:c0:8d:39:df:38:5d:70:78:07:d3:9e:d9:93:
-                    e8:b9:72:51:c5:ce:a3:30:52:a9:f2:e7:40:70:14:
-                    cb:44:a2:72:0b:c2:e5:40:f9:3e:e5:a6:0e:b3:f9:
-                    ec:4a:63:c0:b8:29:00:74:9c:57:3b:a8:a5:04:90:
-                    71:f1:bd:83:d9:3f:d6:a5:e2:3c:2a:8f:ef:27:60:
-                    c3:c6:9f:cb:ba:ec:60:7d:b7:e6:84:32:be:4f:fb:
-                    58:26:22:03:5b:d4:b4:d5:fb:f5:e3:96:2e:70:c0:
-                    e4:2e:bd:fc:2e:ee:e2:41:55:c0:34:2e:7d:24:72:
-                    69:cb:47:b1:14:40:83:7d:67:f4:86:f6:31:ab:f1:
-                    79:a4:b2:b5:2e:12:f9:84:17:f0:62:6f:27:3e:13:
-                    58:b1:54:0d:21:9a:73:37:a1:30:cf:6f:92:dc:f6:
-                    e9:fc:ac:db:2e:28:d1:7e:02:4b:23:a0:15:f2:38:
-                    65:64:09:ea:0c:6e:8e:1b:17:a0:71:c8:b3:9b:c9:
-                    ab:e9:c3:f2:cf:87:96:8f:80:02:32:9e:99:58:6f:
-                    a2:d5
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Basic Constraints:
-                CA:TRUE
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
-                B4:5A:E4:A5:B3:DE:D2:52:F6:B9:D5:A6:95:0F:EB:3E:BC:C7:FD:FF
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
-                keyid:B4:5A:E4:A5:B3:DE:D2:52:F6:B9:D5:A6:95:0F:EB:3E:BC:C7:FD:FF
-                DirName:/C=NL/O=PolarSSL/CN=PolarSSL Test CA
-                serial:00
-
-    Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
-        b8:fd:54:d8:00:54:90:8b:25:b0:27:dd:95:cd:a2:f7:84:07:
-        1d:87:89:4a:c4:78:11:d8:07:b5:d7:22:50:8e:48:eb:62:7a:
-        32:89:be:63:47:53:ff:b6:be:f1:2e:8c:54:c0:99:3f:a0:b9:
-        37:23:72:5f:0d:46:59:8f:d8:47:cd:97:4c:9f:07:0c:12:62:
-        09:3a:24:e4:36:d9:e9:2c:da:38:d0:73:75:61:d7:c1:6c:26:
-        8b:9b:e0:d5:dc:67:ed:8c:6b:33:d7:74:22:3c:4c:db:b5:8d:
-        2a:ce:2c:0d:08:59:05:09:05:a6:39:9f:b3:67:1b:e2:83:e5:
-        e1:8f:53:f6:67:93:c7:f9:6f:76:44:58:12:e8:3a:d4:97:e7:
-        e9:c0:3e:a8:7a:72:3d:87:53:1f:e5:2c:84:84:e7:9a:9e:7f:
-        66:d9:1f:9b:f5:13:48:b0:4d:14:d1:de:b2:24:d9:78:7d:f5:
-        35:cc:58:19:d1:d2:99:ef:4d:73:f8:1f:89:d4:5a:d0:52:ce:
-        09:f5:b1:46:51:6a:00:8e:3b:cc:6f:63:01:00:99:ed:9d:a6:
-        08:60:cd:32:18:d0:73:e0:58:71:d9:e5:d2:53:d7:8d:d0:ca:
-        e9:5d:2a:0a:0d:5d:55:ec:21:50:17:16:e6:06:4a:cd:5e:de:
-        f7:e0:e9:54
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDhzCCAm+gAwIBAgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
-MA8GA1UEChMIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMTEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwHhcN
+MIIDQTCCAimgAwIBAgIBAzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDER
+MA8GA1UECgwIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMMEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwHhcN
 MTEwMjEyMTQ0NDAwWhcNMjEwMjEyMTQ0NDAwWjA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDERMA8G
-A1UEChMIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMTEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwggEiMA0G
+A1UECgwIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMMEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0EwggEiMA0G
 CSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDA3zf8F7vglp0/ht6WMn1EpRagzSHx
 mdTs6st8GFgIlKXsm8WL3xoemTiZhx57wI053zhdcHgH057Zk+i5clHFzqMwUqny
 50BwFMtEonILwuVA+T7lpg6z+exKY8C4KQB0nFc7qKUEkHHxvYPZP9al4jwqj+8n
 YMPGn8u67GB9t+aEMr5P+1gmIgNb1LTV+/Xjli5wwOQuvfwu7uJBVcA0Ln0kcmnL
 R7EUQIN9Z/SG9jGr8XmksrUuEvmEF/Bibyc+E1ixVA0hmnM3oTDPb5Lc9un8rNsu
 KNF+AksjoBXyOGVkCeoMbo4bF6BxyLObyavpw/LPh5aPgAIynplYb6LVAgMBAAGj
-gZUwgZIwDAYDVR0TBAUwAwEB/zAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUtFrkpbPe0lL2udWmlQ/rPrzH
-/f8wYwYDVR0jBFwwWoAUtFrkpbPe0lL2udWmlQ/rPrzH/f+hP6Q9MDsxCzAJBgNV
-BAYTAk5MMREwDwYDVQQKEwhQb2xhclNTTDEZMBcGA1UEAxMQUG9sYXJTU0wgVGVz
-dCBDQYIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAuP1U2ABUkIslsCfdlc2i94QHHYeJ
-SsR4EdgHtdciUI5I62J6Mom+Y0dT/7a+8S6MVMCZP6C5NyNyXw1GWY/YR82XTJ8H
-DBJiCTok5DbZ6SzaONBzdWHXwWwmi5vg1dxn7YxrM9d0IjxM27WNKs4sDQhZBQkF
-pjmfs2cb4oPl4Y9T9meTx/lvdkRYEug61Jfn6cA+qHpyPYdTH+UshITnmp5/Ztkf
-m/UTSLBNFNHesiTZeH31NcxYGdHSme9Nc/gfidRa0FLOCfWxRlFqAI47zG9jAQCZ
-7Z2mCGDNMhjQc+BYcdnl0lPXjdDK6V0qCg1dVewhUBcW5gZKzV7e9+DpVA==
+UDBOMAwGA1UdEwQFMAMBAf8wHQYDVR0OBBYEFLRa5KWz3tJS9rnVppUP6z68x/3/
+MB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFLRa5KWz3tJS9rnVppUP6z68x/3/MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUA
+A4IBAQABE3OEPfEd/bcJW5ZdU3/VgPNS4tMzh8gnJP/V2FcvFtGylMpQq6YnEBYI
+yBHAL4DRvlMY5rnXGBp3ODR8MpqHC6AquRTCLzjS57iYff//4QFQqW9n92zctspv
+czkaPKgjqo1No3Uq0Xaz10rcxyTUPrf5wNVRZ2V0KvllvAAVSzbI4mpdUXztjhST
+S5A2BeWQAAOr0zq1F7TSRVJpJs7jmB2ai/igkh1IAjcuwV6VwlP+sbw0gjQ0NpGM
+iHpnlzRAi/tIbtOvMIGOBU2TIfax/5jq1agUx5aPmT5TWAiJPOOP6l5xXnDwxeYS
+NWqiX9GyusBZjezaCaHabjDLU0qQ
 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/suites/test_suite_x509parse.data b/tests/suites/test_suite_x509parse.data
index 85f0d6556..8f97c0ccb 100644
--- a/tests/suites/test_suite_x509parse.data
+++ b/tests/suites/test_suite_x509parse.data
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ x509_cert_info:"data_files/server2.crt":"cert. version     \: 3\nserial number
 
 X509 Certificate information #3
 depends_on:MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_SHA1_C
-x509_cert_info:"data_files/test-ca.crt":"cert. version     \: 3\nserial number     \: 00\nissuer name       \: C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA\nsubject name      \: C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA\nissued  on        \: 2011-02-12 14\:44\:00\nexpires on        \: 2021-02-12 14\:44\:00\nsigned using      \: RSA with SHA1\nRSA key size      \: 2048 bits\nbasic constraints \: CA=true\n"
+x509_cert_info:"data_files/test-ca.crt":"cert. version     \: 3\nserial number     \: 03\nissuer name       \: C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA\nsubject name      \: C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA\nissued  on        \: 2011-02-12 14\:44\:00\nexpires on        \: 2021-02-12 14\:44\:00\nsigned using      \: RSA with SHA1\nRSA key size      \: 2048 bits\nbasic constraints \: CA=true\n"
 
 X509 Certificate information MD2 Digest
 depends_on:MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_MD2_C
@@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server5-ss-expired.crt":"data_files/server5-ss-
 
 X509 Certificate verification callback: simple
 depends_on:MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C:MBEDTLS_SHA1_C:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_PKCS1_V15
-x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server1.crt":"data_files/test-ca.crt":"NULL":0:"depth 1 - serial 00 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 0 - serial 01 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Server 1 - flags 0x00000000\n"
+x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server1.crt":"data_files/test-ca.crt":"NULL":0:"depth 1 - serial 03 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 0 - serial 01 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Server 1 - flags 0x00000000\n"
 
 X509 Certificate verification callback: simple, EE expired
 depends_on:MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C:MBEDTLS_SHA256_C:MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C:MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_SECP256R1_ENABLED:MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_SECP384R1_ENABLED:MBEDTLS_SHA1_C:MBEDTLS_HAVE_TIME_DATE
@@ -837,15 +837,15 @@ x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server5.crt":"data_files/test-ca2-expired.crt":
 
 X509 Certificate verification callback: two trusted roots
 depends_on:MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C:MBEDTLS_SHA1_C:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_PKCS1_V15:MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C:MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_SECP384R1_ENABLED:MBEDTLS_SHA256_C
-x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server1.crt":"data_files/test-ca_cat12.crt":"NULL":0:"depth 1 - serial 00 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 0 - serial 01 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Server 1 - flags 0x00000000\n"
+x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server1.crt":"data_files/test-ca_cat12.crt":"NULL":0:"depth 1 - serial 03 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 0 - serial 01 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Server 1 - flags 0x00000000\n"
 
 X509 Certificate verification callback: two trusted roots, reversed order
 depends_on:MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C:MBEDTLS_SHA1_C:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_PKCS1_V15:MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C:MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_SECP384R1_ENABLED:MBEDTLS_SHA256_C
-x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server1.crt":"data_files/test-ca_cat21.crt":"NULL":0:"depth 1 - serial 00 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 0 - serial 01 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Server 1 - flags 0x00000000\n"
+x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server1.crt":"data_files/test-ca_cat21.crt":"NULL":0:"depth 1 - serial 03 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 0 - serial 01 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Server 1 - flags 0x00000000\n"
 
 X509 Certificate verification callback: root included
 depends_on:MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C:MBEDTLS_SHA1_C:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_PKCS1_V15:MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C:MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_SECP384R1_ENABLED:MBEDTLS_SHA256_C
-x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server1_ca.crt":"data_files/test-ca_cat21.crt":"NULL":0:"depth 1 - serial 00 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 0 - serial 01 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Server 1 - flags 0x00000000\n"
+x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server1_ca.crt":"data_files/test-ca_cat21.crt":"NULL":0:"depth 1 - serial 03 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 0 - serial 01 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Server 1 - flags 0x00000000\n"
 
 X509 Certificate verification callback: intermediate ca
 depends_on:MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C:MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_SECP256R1_ENABLED:MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_SECP384R1_ENABLED:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_PKCS1_V15:MBEDTLS_SHA256_C:MBEDTLS_SHA1_C
@@ -873,11 +873,11 @@ x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server7_int-ca.crt":"data_files/test-ca2-expire
 
 X509 Certificate verification callback: two intermediates
 depends_on:MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C:MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_SECP256R1_ENABLED:MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_SECP384R1_ENABLED:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_PKCS1_V15:MBEDTLS_SHA256_C:MBEDTLS_SHA1_C
-x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server10_int3_int-ca2.crt":"data_files/test-ca_cat21.crt":"NULL":0:"depth 3 - serial 00 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 2 - serial 0F - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test Intermediate EC CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 1 - serial 4D - subject C=UK, O=mbed TLS, CN=mbed TLS Test intermediate CA 3 - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 0 - serial 4B - subject CN=localhost - flags 0x00000000\n"
+x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server10_int3_int-ca2.crt":"data_files/test-ca_cat21.crt":"NULL":0:"depth 3 - serial 03 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 2 - serial 0F - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test Intermediate EC CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 1 - serial 4D - subject C=UK, O=mbed TLS, CN=mbed TLS Test intermediate CA 3 - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 0 - serial 4B - subject CN=localhost - flags 0x00000000\n"
 
 X509 Certificate verification callback: two intermediates, root included
 depends_on:MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C:MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_SECP256R1_ENABLED:MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_SECP384R1_ENABLED:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_PKCS1_V15:MBEDTLS_SHA256_C:MBEDTLS_SHA1_C
-x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server10_int3_int-ca2_ca.crt":"data_files/test-ca_cat21.crt":"NULL":0:"depth 3 - serial 00 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 2 - serial 0F - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test Intermediate EC CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 1 - serial 4D - subject C=UK, O=mbed TLS, CN=mbed TLS Test intermediate CA 3 - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 0 - serial 4B - subject CN=localhost - flags 0x00000000\n"
+x509_verify_callback:"data_files/server10_int3_int-ca2_ca.crt":"data_files/test-ca_cat21.crt":"NULL":0:"depth 3 - serial 03 - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 2 - serial 0F - subject C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test Intermediate EC CA - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 1 - serial 4D - subject C=UK, O=mbed TLS, CN=mbed TLS Test intermediate CA 3 - flags 0x00000000\ndepth 0 - serial 4B - subject CN=localhost - flags 0x00000000\n"
 
 X509 Certificate verification callback: two intermediates, top int trusted
 depends_on:MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C:MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_SECP256R1_ENABLED:MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_SECP384R1_ENABLED:MBEDTLS_RSA_C:MBEDTLS_PKCS1_V15:MBEDTLS_SHA256_C