diff --git a/programs/aes/aescrypt2.c b/programs/aes/aescrypt2.c
index 9e98f1df0..b710f96a6 100644
--- a/programs/aes/aescrypt2.c
+++ b/programs/aes/aescrypt2.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_AES_C and/or MBEDTLS_SHA256_C "
                     "and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or MBEDTLS_MD_C "
                     "not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -462,6 +463,6 @@ exit:
     mbedtls_aes_free( &aes_ctx );
     mbedtls_md_free( &sha_ctx );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_AES_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/aes/crypt_and_hash.c b/programs/aes/crypt_and_hash.c
index 5024f4a6f..2990cdfaf 100644
--- a/programs/aes/crypt_and_hash.c
+++ b/programs/aes/crypt_and_hash.c
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_CIPHER_C and/or MBEDTLS_MD_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -559,6 +560,6 @@ exit:
     mbedtls_cipher_free( &cipher_ctx );
     mbedtls_md_free( &md_ctx );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_CIPHER_C && MBEDTLS_MD_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/hash/generic_sum.c b/programs/hash/generic_sum.c
index bbe8d92a2..c5cc3119a 100644
--- a/programs/hash/generic_sum.c
+++ b/programs/hash/generic_sum.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_MD_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 static int generic_wrapper( const mbedtls_md_info_t *md_info, char *filename, unsigned char *sum )
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
         fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     /*
@@ -210,12 +211,12 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     if( md_info == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "Message Digest '%s' not found\n", argv[1] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
     if( mbedtls_md_setup( &md_ctx, md_info, 0 ) )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "Failed to initialize context.\n" );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     ret = 0;
@@ -234,6 +235,6 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 exit:
     mbedtls_md_free( &md_ctx );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_MD_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/hash/hello.c b/programs/hash/hello.c
index 2e8c2244d..3a3ed4c4c 100644
--- a/programs/hash/hello.c
+++ b/programs/hash/hello.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf       printf
+#define mbedtls_exit         exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_MD5_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( void )
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf( "\n  MD5('%s') = ", str );
 
     if( ( ret = mbedtls_md5_ret( (unsigned char *) str, 13, digest ) ) != 0 )
-        return( MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE );
+        mbedtls_exit( MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE );
 
     for( i = 0; i < 16; i++ )
         mbedtls_printf( "%02x", digest[i] );
@@ -67,6 +68,6 @@ int main( void )
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS );
+    mbedtls_exit( MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_MD5_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/dh_client.c b/programs/pkey/dh_client.c
index 3dadf48e6..af903f909 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/dh_client.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/dh_client.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
 #define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ int main( void )
            "and/or MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( void )
@@ -304,7 +305,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_AES_C && MBEDTLS_DHM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
diff --git a/programs/pkey/dh_genprime.c b/programs/pkey/dh_genprime.c
index dbe915338..7956389c9 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/dh_genprime.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/dh_genprime.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
 #define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_GENPRIME not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ int main( int argc, char **argv )
     {
     usage:
         mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     for( i = 1; i < argc; i++ )
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
           MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && MBEDTLS_GENPRIME */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/dh_server.c b/programs/pkey/dh_server.c
index c4e2c391e..4b518586c 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/dh_server.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/dh_server.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
 #define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ int main( void )
            "and/or MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( void )
@@ -327,7 +328,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_AES_C && MBEDTLS_DHM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
diff --git a/programs/pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c b/programs/pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c
index 5db04088f..2a21af0d6 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/ecdh_curve25519.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ int main( void )
                     "MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_CURVE25519_ENABLED and/or "
                     "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C "
                     "not defined\n" );
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -236,7 +237,7 @@ exit:
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_ECDH_C && MBEDTLS_ECP_DP_CURVE25519_ENABLED &&
           MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/ecdsa.c b/programs/pkey/ecdsa.c
index c653df9e4..0fc12bbf9 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/ecdsa.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/ecdsa.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C and/or MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 #if defined(VERBOSE)
@@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ exit:
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_ECDSA_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C &&
           ECPARAMS */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/gen_key.c b/programs/pkey/gen_key.c
index 31abb0cb8..b879a840f 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/gen_key.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/gen_key.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ int main( void )
             "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_PEM_WRITE_C"
             "not defined.\n" );
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 /*
@@ -443,7 +444,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PK_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_PEM_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
         * MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/key_app.c b/programs/pkey/key_app.c
index 027b95f9d..3153eed00 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/key_app.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/key_app.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 /*
@@ -309,6 +310,6 @@ cleanup:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c b/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c
index 0450a1710..e556ba86c 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/key_app_writer.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf( "MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_PK_WRITE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n" );
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 /*
@@ -433,6 +434,6 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_PK_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/mpi_demo.c b/programs/pkey/mpi_demo.c
index 365bdc480..19c67e21d 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/mpi_demo.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/mpi_demo.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( void )
@@ -109,6 +110,6 @@ cleanup:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/pk_decrypt.c b/programs/pkey/pk_decrypt.c
index 1d8c959a0..64d9561f2 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/pk_decrypt.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/pk_decrypt.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
           MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/pk_encrypt.c b/programs/pkey/pk_encrypt.c
index 22dedba10..b94f2717f 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/pk_encrypt.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/pk_encrypt.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/pk_sign.c b/programs/pkey/pk_sign.c
index 7ec46752a..035294603 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/pk_sign.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/pk_sign.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_snprintf        snprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or MBEDTLS_MD_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SHA256_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
diff --git a/programs/pkey/pk_verify.c b/programs/pkey/pk_verify.c
index 3c7709f9d..b137069e5 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/pk_verify.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/pk_verify.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_snprintf        snprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_MD_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
           MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_decrypt.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_decrypt.c
index 0a252d2ad..1fd865dab 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_decrypt.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_decrypt.c
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
@@ -205,6 +205,6 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_encrypt.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_encrypt.c
index 411657a07..fb17f89c2 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_encrypt.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_encrypt.c
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_genkey.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_genkey.c
index 3359e1407..d9dc61c41 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_genkey.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_genkey.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or MBEDTLS_GENPRIME and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( void )
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
           MBEDTLS_GENPRIME && MBEDTLS_FS_IO && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_sign.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_sign.c
index b16fe5d22..319d5105d 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_sign.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_sign.c
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
 #define mbedtls_snprintf        snprintf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_MD_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_sign_pss.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_sign_pss.c
index e1c8ef6fe..23abe8485 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_sign_pss.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_sign_pss.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_snprintf        snprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SHA256_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_verify.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_verify.c
index 6f88345f2..21514c0ac 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_verify.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_verify.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
 #define mbedtls_snprintf        snprintf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_MD_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/pkey/rsa_verify_pss.c b/programs/pkey/rsa_verify_pss.c
index 7c9c68f22..1cef8621d 100644
--- a/programs/pkey/rsa_verify_pss.c
+++ b/programs/pkey/rsa_verify_pss.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_snprintf        snprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_SHA256_C &&
           MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/random/gen_entropy.c b/programs/random/gen_entropy.c
index a1eb3868a..7455dd29f 100644
--- a/programs/random/gen_entropy.c
+++ b/programs/random/gen_entropy.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
@@ -60,13 +61,13 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     if( argc < 2 )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "usage: %s <output filename>\n", argv[0] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     if( ( f = fopen( argv[1], "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "failed to open '%s' for writing.\n", argv[1] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     mbedtls_entropy_init( &entropy );
@@ -96,6 +97,6 @@ cleanup:
     fclose( f );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C */
diff --git a/programs/random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c b/programs/random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c
index 5ade946a7..8390a171e 100644
--- a/programs/random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c
+++ b/programs/random/gen_random_ctr_drbg.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
@@ -66,13 +67,13 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     if( argc < 2 )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "usage: %s <output filename>\n", argv[0] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     if( ( f = fopen( argv[1], "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "failed to open '%s' for writing.\n", argv[1] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     mbedtls_entropy_init( &entropy );
@@ -129,6 +130,6 @@ cleanup:
     mbedtls_ctr_drbg_free( &ctr_drbg );
     mbedtls_entropy_free( &entropy );
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C */
diff --git a/programs/random/gen_random_havege.c b/programs/random/gen_random_havege.c
index 3fb3f0196..1489248df 100644
--- a/programs/random/gen_random_havege.c
+++ b/programs/random/gen_random_havege.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_HAVEGE_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
@@ -62,13 +63,13 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     if( argc < 2 )
     {
         mbedtls_fprintf( stderr, "usage: %s <output filename>\n", argv[0] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     if( ( f = fopen( argv[1], "wb+" ) ) == NULL )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( "failed to open '%s' for writing.\n", argv[1] );
-        return( exit_code );
+        mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
     }
 
     mbedtls_havege_init( &hs );
@@ -101,6 +102,6 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
 exit:
     mbedtls_havege_free( &hs );
     fclose( f );
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_HAVEGE_C */
diff --git a/programs/ssl/dtls_client.c b/programs/ssl/dtls_client.c
index c29ab34a6..b72981ca5 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/dtls_client.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/dtls_client.c
@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf     printf
 #define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
+#define mbedtls_exit       exit
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_PROTO_DTLS) ||    \
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ int main( void )
             "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_CERTS_C and/or MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C not defined.\n" );
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -351,7 +353,7 @@ exit:
     if( ret < 0 )
         ret = 1;
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_PROTO_DTLS && MBEDTLS_NET_C &&
           MBEDTLD_TIMING_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/dtls_server.c b/programs/ssl/dtls_server.c
index b4ad6b53a..9a9574fe9 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/dtls_server.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/dtls_server.c
@@ -29,9 +29,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf     printf
 #define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
 #define mbedtls_time_t     time_t
+#define mbedtls_exit       exit
 #endif
 
 /* Uncomment out the following line to default to IPv4 and disable IPv6 */
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ int main( void )
             "MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_CERTS_C and/or MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_TIMING_C not defined.\n" );
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -426,7 +428,7 @@ exit:
     if( ret < 0 )
         ret = 1;
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_PROTO_DTLS &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_COOKIE_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/mini_client.c b/programs/ssl/mini_client.c
index 290455e9a..6db0461d8 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/mini_client.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/mini_client.c
@@ -26,6 +26,15 @@
 #include MBEDTLS_CONFIG_FILE
 #endif
 
+#if defined(MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C)
+#include "mbedtls/platform.h"
+#else
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define mbedtls_printf printf
+#define mbedtls_exit   exit
+#endif
+
 /*
  * We're creating and connecting the socket "manually" rather than using the
  * NET module, in order to avoid the overhead of getaddrinfo() which tends to
@@ -44,28 +53,15 @@
     !defined(MBEDTLS_NET_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C) || \
     !defined(UNIX)
 
-#if defined(MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C)
-#include "mbedtls/platform.h"
-#else
-#include <stdio.h>
-#define mbedtls_printf printf
-#endif
-
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf( "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C and/or UNIX "
             "not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
-#if defined(MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C)
-#include "mbedtls/platform.h"
-#else
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#endif
-
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include "mbedtls/net_sockets.h"
@@ -297,6 +293,6 @@ exit:
     mbedtls_x509_crt_free( &ca );
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_client1.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_client1.c
index bf7c0132a..142f4d4b2 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_client1.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_client1.c
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
 #define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C "
            "not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -310,7 +311,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_client2.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_client2.c
index c63c4f75a..58e6d7e3d 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_client2.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_client2.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #define mbedtls_printf     printf
 #define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
 #define mbedtls_snprintf   snprintf
+#define mbedtls_exit       exit
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) || \
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C and/or MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -1838,7 +1839,7 @@ exit:
     if( ret < 0 )
         ret = 1;
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_fork_server.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_fork_server.c
index 1c3a80600..7b98263eb 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_fork_server.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_fork_server.c
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
 #define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -53,14 +54,14 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_TIMING_C and/or MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #elif defined(_WIN32)
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("_WIN32 defined. This application requires fork() and signals "
            "to work correctly.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -414,7 +415,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_CERTS_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_mail_client.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_mail_client.c
index 8ec6079d5..086469df8 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_mail_client.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_mail_client.c
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
 #define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C "
            "not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -846,7 +847,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C **
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_pthread_server.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_pthread_server.c
index 9a05ad8fd..b51bea6c9 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_pthread_server.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_pthread_server.c
@@ -30,9 +30,11 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf     printf
 #define mbedtls_snprintf   snprintf
+#define mbedtls_exit       exit
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_CERTS_C) ||            \
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_THREADING_C and/or MBEDTLS_THREADING_PTHREAD "
            "and/or MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -520,7 +522,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_CERTS_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_server.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_server.c
index dcdafbb86..72a0c6ac7 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_server.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_server.c
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #define mbedtls_time_t     time_t
 #define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf     printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C) || !defined(MBEDTLS_CERTS_C) ||    \
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C "
            "and/or MBEDTLS_PEM_PARSE_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_CERTS_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C &&
diff --git a/programs/ssl/ssl_server2.c b/programs/ssl/ssl_server2.c
index ae57f1fda..1d439f1d1 100644
--- a/programs/ssl/ssl_server2.c
+++ b/programs/ssl/ssl_server2.c
@@ -33,9 +33,10 @@
 #define mbedtls_free       free
 #define mbedtls_time       time
 #define mbedtls_time_t     time_t
-#define mbedtls_calloc    calloc
+#define mbedtls_calloc     calloc
 #define mbedtls_fprintf    fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf     printf
+#define mbedtls_exit       exit
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C) || \
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ int main( void )
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C and/or MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -2583,7 +2584,7 @@ exit:
     if( ret < 0 )
         ret = 1;
 
-    return( ret );
+    mbedtls_exit( ret );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_SRV_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
diff --git a/programs/test/benchmark.c b/programs/test/benchmark.c
index 20e3c2e39..c76cfe3d2 100644
--- a/programs/test/benchmark.c
+++ b/programs/test/benchmark.c
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_exit       exit
 #define mbedtls_printf     printf
 #define mbedtls_snprintf   snprintf
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_TIMING_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -874,7 +875,7 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_TIMING_C */
diff --git a/programs/test/selftest.c b/programs/test/selftest.c
index 72a37342f..94ce6f8df 100644
--- a/programs/test/selftest.c
+++ b/programs/test/selftest.c
@@ -397,6 +397,5 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
         mbedtls_exit( MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE );
 
     /* return() is here to prevent compiler warnings */
-    return( MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS );
+    mbedtls_exit( MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS );
 }
-
diff --git a/programs/test/udp_proxy.c b/programs/test/udp_proxy.c
index 02428b9dd..2b7773f26 100644
--- a/programs/test/udp_proxy.c
+++ b/programs/test/udp_proxy.c
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #define mbedtls_time            time
 #define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf( "MBEDTLS_NET_C not defined.\n" );
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -142,7 +143,7 @@ static void exit_usage( const char *name, const char *value )
         mbedtls_printf( " option %s: illegal value: %s\n", name, value );
 
     mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
-    exit( 1 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 1 );
 }
 
 static void get_options( int argc, char *argv[] )
@@ -602,7 +603,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_NET_C */
diff --git a/programs/util/pem2der.c b/programs/util/pem2der.c
index 73a9fb5e0..0b2eff2c1 100644
--- a/programs/util/pem2der.c
+++ b/programs/util/pem2der.c
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #define mbedtls_free            free
 #define mbedtls_calloc          calloc
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BASE64_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 /*
@@ -287,6 +288,6 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BASE64_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/util/strerror.c b/programs/util/strerror.c
index 458280c98..5d1bbc9e6 100644
--- a/programs/util/strerror.c
+++ b/programs/util/strerror.c
@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf     printf
+#define mbedtls_exit       exit
 #endif
 
 #if defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_C) || defined(MBEDTLS_ERROR_STRERROR_DUMMY)
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@
 int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_ERROR_C and/or MBEDTLS_ERROR_STRERROR_DUMMY not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     if( argc != 2 )
     {
         mbedtls_printf( USAGE );
-        return( 0 );
+        mbedtls_exit( 0 );
     }
 
     val = strtol( argv[1], &end, 10 );
@@ -87,6 +89,6 @@ int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( val );
+    mbedtls_exit( val );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_ERROR_C */
diff --git a/programs/x509/cert_app.c b/programs/x509/cert_app.c
index c57ecca03..146759e66 100644
--- a/programs/x509/cert_app.c
+++ b/programs/x509/cert_app.c
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #define mbedtls_time_t          time_t
 #define mbedtls_fprintf         fprintf
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ int main( void )
            "MBEDTLS_NET_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -491,7 +492,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_SSL_TLS_C &&
           MBEDTLS_SSL_CLI_C && MBEDTLS_NET_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C &&
diff --git a/programs/x509/cert_req.c b/programs/x509/cert_req.c
index 784f71933..9eb64b539 100644
--- a/programs/x509/cert_req.c
+++ b/programs/x509/cert_req.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ int main( void )
             "MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C "
             "not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -436,7 +437,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_PK_PARSE_C && MBEDTLS_FS_IO &&
           MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C && MBEDTLS_PEM_WRITE_C */
diff --git a/programs/x509/cert_write.c b/programs/x509/cert_write.c
index adade1c86..1ab16ec4d 100644
--- a/programs/x509/cert_write.c
+++ b/programs/x509/cert_write.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ int main( void )
             "MBEDTLS_FS_IO and/or MBEDTLS_SHA256_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C and/or MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C and/or "
             "MBEDTLS_ERROR_C not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -813,7 +814,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_WRITE_C && MBEDTLS_X509_CRT_PARSE_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO && MBEDTLS_ENTROPY_C && MBEDTLS_CTR_DRBG_C &&
diff --git a/programs/x509/crl_app.c b/programs/x509/crl_app.c
index f8316835f..3c11e903d 100644
--- a/programs/x509/crl_app.c
+++ b/programs/x509/crl_app.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_X509_CRL_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_X509_CRL_PARSE_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO */
diff --git a/programs/x509/req_app.c b/programs/x509/req_app.c
index 0f20c85f5..0ddece443 100644
--- a/programs/x509/req_app.c
+++ b/programs/x509/req_app.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #define mbedtls_printf          printf
+#define mbedtls_exit            exit
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_SUCCESS    EXIT_SUCCESS
 #define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE    EXIT_FAILURE
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C */
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ int main( void )
 {
     mbedtls_printf("MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C and/or MBEDTLS_RSA_C and/or "
            "MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C and/or MBEDTLS_FS_IO not defined.\n");
-    return( 0 );
+    mbedtls_exit( 0 );
 }
 #else
 
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ exit:
     fflush( stdout ); getchar();
 #endif
 
-    return( exit_code );
+    mbedtls_exit( exit_code );
 }
 #endif /* MBEDTLS_BIGNUM_C && MBEDTLS_RSA_C && MBEDTLS_X509_CSR_PARSE_C &&
           MBEDTLS_FS_IO */