Kernel: reimplement memory management on physical FCRAM (#4392)

* Kernel: reimplement memory management on physical FCRAM

* Kernel/Process: Unmap does not care the source memory permission

What game usually does is after mapping the memory, they reprotect the source memory as no permission to avoid modification there

* Kernel/SharedMemory: zero initialize new-allocated memory

* Process/Thread: zero new TLS entry

* Kernel: fix a bug where code segments memory usage are accumulated twice

It is added to both misc and heap (done inside HeapAlloc), which results a doubled number reported by svcGetProcessInfo. While we are on it, we just merge the three number misc, heap and linear heap usage together, as there is no where they are distinguished.

Question: is TLS page also added to this number?

* Kernel/SharedMemory: add more object info on mapping error

* Process: lower log level; SharedMemory: store phys offset

* VMManager: add helper function to retrieve backing block list for a range

src/core/hle/applets/erreula.cpp

@@ -28,11 +28,9 @@ ResultCode ErrEula::ReceiveParameter(const Service::APT::MessageParameter& param
 
     // TODO: allocated memory never released
     using Kernel::MemoryPermission;
-    // Allocate a heap block of the required size for this applet.
-    heap_memory = std::make_shared<std::vector<u8>>(capture_info.size);
     // Create a SharedMemory that directly points to this heap block.
     framebuffer_memory = Core::System::GetInstance().Kernel().CreateSharedMemoryForApplet(
-        heap_memory, 0, capture_info.size, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite,
+        0, capture_info.size, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite,
         "ErrEula Memory");
 
     // Send the response message with the newly created SharedMemory

src/core/hle/applets/mii_selector.cpp

@@ -35,11 +35,9 @@ ResultCode MiiSelector::ReceiveParameter(const Service::APT::MessageParameter& p
     memcpy(&capture_info, parameter.buffer.data(), sizeof(capture_info));
 
     using Kernel::MemoryPermission;
-    // Allocate a heap block of the required size for this applet.
-    heap_memory = std::make_shared<std::vector<u8>>(capture_info.size);
     // Create a SharedMemory that directly points to this heap block.
     framebuffer_memory = Core::System::GetInstance().Kernel().CreateSharedMemoryForApplet(
-        heap_memory, 0, capture_info.size, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite,
+        0, capture_info.size, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite,
         "MiiSelector Memory");
 
     // Send the response message with the newly created SharedMemory

src/core/hle/applets/mint.cpp

@@ -28,11 +28,9 @@ ResultCode Mint::ReceiveParameter(const Service::APT::MessageParameter& paramete
 
     // TODO: allocated memory never released
     using Kernel::MemoryPermission;
-    // Allocate a heap block of the required size for this applet.
-    heap_memory = std::make_shared<std::vector<u8>>(capture_info.size);
     // Create a SharedMemory that directly points to this heap block.
     framebuffer_memory = Core::System::GetInstance().Kernel().CreateSharedMemoryForApplet(
-        heap_memory, 0, capture_info.size, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite,
+        0, capture_info.size, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite,
         "Mint Memory");
 
     // Send the response message with the newly created SharedMemory

src/core/hle/applets/swkbd.cpp

@@ -39,11 +39,9 @@ ResultCode SoftwareKeyboard::ReceiveParameter(Service::APT::MessageParameter con
     memcpy(&capture_info, parameter.buffer.data(), sizeof(capture_info));
 
     using Kernel::MemoryPermission;
-    // Allocate a heap block of the required size for this applet.
-    heap_memory = std::make_shared<std::vector<u8>>(capture_info.size);
     // Create a SharedMemory that directly points to this heap block.
     framebuffer_memory = Core::System::GetInstance().Kernel().CreateSharedMemoryForApplet(
-        heap_memory, 0, capture_info.size, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite,
+        0, capture_info.size, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite, MemoryPermission::ReadWrite,
         "SoftwareKeyboard Memory");
 
     // Send the response message with the newly created SharedMemory

src/core/hle/kernel/errors.h

@@ -67,6 +67,10 @@ constexpr ResultCode ERR_MISALIGNED_SIZE(ErrorDescription::MisalignedSize, Error
 constexpr ResultCode ERR_OUT_OF_MEMORY(ErrorDescription::OutOfMemory, ErrorModule::Kernel,
                                        ErrorSummary::OutOfResource,
                                        ErrorLevel::Permanent); // 0xD86007F3
+/// Returned when out of heap or linear heap memory when allocating
+constexpr ResultCode ERR_OUT_OF_HEAP_MEMORY(ErrorDescription::OutOfMemory, ErrorModule::OS,
+                                            ErrorSummary::OutOfResource,
+                                            ErrorLevel::Status); // 0xC860180A
 constexpr ResultCode ERR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED(ErrorDescription::NotImplemented, ErrorModule::OS,
                                          ErrorSummary::InvalidArgument,
                                          ErrorLevel::Usage); // 0xE0E01BF4

src/core/hle/kernel/kernel.h

@@ -179,7 +179,6 @@ public:
 
     /**
      * Creates a shared memory object from a block of memory managed by an HLE applet.
-     * @param heap_block Heap block of the HLE applet.
      * @param offset The offset into the heap block that the SharedMemory will map.
      * @param size Size of the memory block. Must be page-aligned.
      * @param permissions Permission restrictions applied to the process which created the block.
@@ -187,8 +186,7 @@ public:
      * block.
      * @param name Optional object name, used for debugging purposes.
      */
-    SharedPtr<SharedMemory> CreateSharedMemoryForApplet(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<u8>> heap_block,
+    SharedPtr<SharedMemory> CreateSharedMemoryForApplet(u32 offset, u32 size,
-                                                        u32 offset, u32 size,
                                                         MemoryPermission permissions,
                                                         MemoryPermission other_permissions,
                                                         std::string name = "Unknown Applet");

src/core/hle/kernel/memory.cpp

@@ -50,13 +50,7 @@ void KernelSystem::MemoryInit(u32 mem_type) {
     // the sizes specified in the memory_region_sizes table.
     VAddr base = 0;
     for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-        memory_regions[i].base = base;
+        memory_regions[i].Reset(base, memory_region_sizes[mem_type][i]);
-        memory_regions[i].size = memory_region_sizes[mem_type][i];
-        memory_regions[i].used = 0;
-        memory_regions[i].linear_heap_memory = std::make_shared<std::vector<u8>>();
-        // Reserve enough space for this region of FCRAM.
-        // We do not want this block of memory to be relocated when allocating from it.
-        memory_regions[i].linear_heap_memory->reserve(memory_regions[i].size);
 
         base += memory_regions[i].size;
     }
@@ -164,4 +158,75 @@ void KernelSystem::MapSharedPages(VMManager& address_space) {
     address_space.Reprotect(shared_page_vma, VMAPermission::Read);
 }
 
+void MemoryRegionInfo::Reset(u32 base, u32 size) {
+    this->base = base;
+    this->size = size;
+    used = 0;
+    free_blocks.clear();
+
+    // mark the entire region as free
+    free_blocks.insert(Interval::right_open(base, base + size));
+}
+
+MemoryRegionInfo::IntervalSet MemoryRegionInfo::HeapAllocate(u32 size) {
+    IntervalSet result;
+    u32 rest = size;
+
+    // Try allocating from the higher address
+    for (auto iter = free_blocks.rbegin(); iter != free_blocks.rend(); ++iter) {
+        ASSERT(iter->bounds() == boost::icl::interval_bounds::right_open());
+        if (iter->upper() - iter->lower() >= rest) {
+            // Requested size is fulfilled with this block
+            result += Interval(iter->upper() - rest, iter->upper());
+            rest = 0;
+            break;
+        }
+        result += *iter;
+        rest -= iter->upper() - iter->lower();
+    }
+
+    if (rest != 0) {
+        // There is no enough free space
+        return {};
+    }
+
+    free_blocks -= result;
+    used += size;
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool MemoryRegionInfo::LinearAllocate(u32 offset, u32 size) {
+    Interval interval(offset, offset + size);
+    if (!boost::icl::contains(free_blocks, interval)) {
+        // The requested range is already allocated
+        return false;
+    }
+    free_blocks -= interval;
+    used += size;
+    return true;
+}
+
+std::optional<u32> MemoryRegionInfo::LinearAllocate(u32 size) {
+    // Find the first sufficient continuous block from the lower address
+    for (const auto& interval : free_blocks) {
+        ASSERT(interval.bounds() == boost::icl::interval_bounds::right_open());
+        if (interval.upper() - interval.lower() >= size) {
+            Interval allocated(interval.lower(), interval.lower() + size);
+            free_blocks -= allocated;
+            used += size;
+            return allocated.lower();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // No sufficient block found
+    return {};
+}
+
+void MemoryRegionInfo::Free(u32 offset, u32 size) {
+    Interval interval(offset, offset + size);
+    ASSERT(!boost::icl::intersects(free_blocks, interval)); // must be allocated blocks
+    free_blocks += interval;
+    used -= size;
+}
+
 } // namespace Kernel

src/core/hle/kernel/memory.h

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
-#include <vector>
+#include <boost/icl/interval_set.hpp>
 #include "common/common_types.h"
 
 namespace Kernel {
@@ -18,7 +18,48 @@ struct MemoryRegionInfo {
     u32 size;
     u32 used;
 
-    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<u8>> linear_heap_memory;
+    // The domain of the interval_set are offsets from start of FCRAM
+    using IntervalSet = boost::icl::interval_set<u32>;
+    using Interval = IntervalSet::interval_type;
+
+    IntervalSet free_blocks;
+
+    /**
+     * Reset the allocator state
+     * @param base The base offset the beginning of FCRAM.
+     * @param size The region size this allocator manages
+     */
+    void Reset(u32 base, u32 size);
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates memory from the heap.
+     * @param size The size of memory to allocate.
+     * @returns The set of blocks that make up the allocation request. Empty set if there is no
+     *     enough space.
+     */
+    IntervalSet HeapAllocate(u32 size);
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates memory from the linear heap with specific address and size.
+     * @param offset the address offset to the beginning of FCRAM.
+     * @param size size of the memory to allocate.
+     * @returns true if the allocation is successful. false if the requested region is not free.
+     */
+    bool LinearAllocate(u32 offset, u32 size);
+
+    /**
+     * Allocates memory from the linear heap with only size specified.
+     * @param size size of the memory to allocate.
+     * @returns the address offset to the beginning of FCRAM; null if there is no enough space
+     */
+    std::optional<u32> LinearAllocate(u32 size);
+
+    /**
+     * Frees one segment of memory. The memory must have been allocated as heap or linear heap.
+     * @param offset the region address offset to the beginning of FCRAM.
+     * @param size the size of the region to free.
+     */
+    void Free(u32 offset, u32 size);
 };
 
 void HandleSpecialMapping(VMManager& address_space, const AddressMapping& mapping);

src/core/hle/kernel/process.cpp

@@ -119,13 +119,9 @@ void Process::Run(s32 main_thread_priority, u32 stack_size) {
 
     auto MapSegment = [&](CodeSet::Segment& segment, VMAPermission permissions,
                           MemoryState memory_state) {
-        auto vma = vm_manager
+        HeapAllocate(segment.addr, segment.size, permissions, memory_state, true);
-                       .MapMemoryBlock(segment.addr, codeset->memory, segment.offset, segment.size,
+        Memory::WriteBlock(*this, segment.addr, codeset->memory->data() + segment.offset,
-                                       memory_state)
+                           segment.size);
-                       .Unwrap();
-        vm_manager.Reprotect(vma, permissions);
-        misc_memory_used += segment.size;
-        memory_region->used += segment.size;
     };
 
     // Map CodeSet segments
@@ -134,13 +130,8 @@ void Process::Run(s32 main_thread_priority, u32 stack_size) {
     MapSegment(codeset->DataSegment(), VMAPermission::ReadWrite, MemoryState::Private);
 
     // Allocate and map stack
-    vm_manager
+    HeapAllocate(Memory::HEAP_VADDR_END - stack_size, stack_size, VMAPermission::ReadWrite,
-        .MapMemoryBlock(Memory::HEAP_VADDR_END - stack_size,
+                 MemoryState::Locked, true);
-                        std::make_shared<std::vector<u8>>(stack_size, 0), 0, stack_size,
-                        MemoryState::Locked)
-        .Unwrap();
-    misc_memory_used += stack_size;
-    memory_region->used += stack_size;
 
     // Map special address mappings
     kernel.MapSharedPages(vm_manager);
@@ -168,44 +159,55 @@ VAddr Process::GetLinearHeapLimit() const {
     return GetLinearHeapBase() + memory_region->size;
 }
 
-ResultVal<VAddr> Process::HeapAllocate(VAddr target, u32 size, VMAPermission perms) {
+ResultVal<VAddr> Process::HeapAllocate(VAddr target, u32 size, VMAPermission perms,
+                                       MemoryState memory_state, bool skip_range_check) {
+    LOG_DEBUG(Kernel, "Allocate heap target={:08X}, size={:08X}", target, size);
     if (target < Memory::HEAP_VADDR || target + size > Memory::HEAP_VADDR_END ||
         target + size < target) {
-        return ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS;
+        if (!skip_range_check) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Kernel, "Invalid heap address");
+            return ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS;
+        }
     }
 
-    if (heap_memory == nullptr) {
+    auto vma = vm_manager.FindVMA(target);
-        // Initialize heap
+    if (vma->second.type != VMAType::Free || vma->second.base + vma->second.size < target + size) {
-        heap_memory = std::make_shared<std::vector<u8>>();
+        LOG_ERROR(Kernel, "Trying to allocate already allocated memory");
-        heap_start = heap_end = target;
+        return ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS_STATE;
     }
 
-    // If necessary, expand backing vector to cover new heap extents.
+    auto allocated_fcram = memory_region->HeapAllocate(size);
-    if (target < heap_start) {
+    if (allocated_fcram.empty()) {
-        heap_memory->insert(begin(*heap_memory), heap_start - target, 0);
+        LOG_ERROR(Kernel, "Not enough space");
-        heap_start = target;
+        return ERR_OUT_OF_HEAP_MEMORY;
-        vm_manager.RefreshMemoryBlockMappings(heap_memory.get());
     }
-    if (target + size > heap_end) {
+
-        heap_memory->insert(end(*heap_memory), (target + size) - heap_end, 0);
+    // Maps heap block by block
-        heap_end = target + size;
+    VAddr interval_target = target;
-        vm_manager.RefreshMemoryBlockMappings(heap_memory.get());
+    for (const auto& interval : allocated_fcram) {
+        u32 interval_size = interval.upper() - interval.lower();
+        LOG_DEBUG(Kernel, "Allocated FCRAM region lower={:08X}, upper={:08X}", interval.lower(),
+                  interval.upper());
+        std::fill(Memory::fcram.begin() + interval.lower(),
+                  Memory::fcram.begin() + interval.upper(), 0);
+        auto vma = vm_manager.MapBackingMemory(
+            interval_target, Memory::fcram.data() + interval.lower(), interval_size, memory_state);
+        ASSERT(vma.Succeeded());
+        vm_manager.Reprotect(vma.Unwrap(), perms);
+        interval_target += interval_size;
     }
-    ASSERT(heap_end - heap_start == heap_memory->size());
 
-    CASCADE_RESULT(auto vma, vm_manager.MapMemoryBlock(target, heap_memory, target - heap_start,
+    memory_used += size;
-                                                       size, MemoryState::Private));
+    resource_limit->current_commit += size;
-    vm_manager.Reprotect(vma, perms);
 
-    heap_used += size;
+    return MakeResult<VAddr>(target);
-    memory_region->used += size;
-
-    return MakeResult<VAddr>(heap_end - size);
 }
 
 ResultCode Process::HeapFree(VAddr target, u32 size) {
+    LOG_DEBUG(Kernel, "Free heap target={:08X}, size={:08X}", target, size);
     if (target < Memory::HEAP_VADDR || target + size > Memory::HEAP_VADDR_END ||
         target + size < target) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Kernel, "Invalid heap address");
         return ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS;
     }
 
@@ -213,59 +215,72 @@ ResultCode Process::HeapFree(VAddr target, u32 size) {
         return RESULT_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    ResultCode result = vm_manager.UnmapRange(target, size);
+    // Free heaps block by block
-    if (result.IsError())
+    CASCADE_RESULT(auto backing_blocks, vm_manager.GetBackingBlocksForRange(target, size));
-        return result;
+    for (const auto [backing_memory, block_size] : backing_blocks) {
+        memory_region->Free(Memory::GetFCRAMOffset(backing_memory), block_size);
+    }
 
-    heap_used -= size;
+    ResultCode result = vm_manager.UnmapRange(target, size);
-    memory_region->used -= size;
+    ASSERT(result.IsSuccess());
+
+    memory_used -= size;
+    resource_limit->current_commit -= size;
 
     return RESULT_SUCCESS;
 }
 
 ResultVal<VAddr> Process::LinearAllocate(VAddr target, u32 size, VMAPermission perms) {
-    auto& linheap_memory = memory_region->linear_heap_memory;
+    LOG_DEBUG(Kernel, "Allocate linear heap target={:08X}, size={:08X}", target, size);
-
+    u32 physical_offset;
-    VAddr heap_end = GetLinearHeapBase() + (u32)linheap_memory->size();
-    // Games and homebrew only ever seem to pass 0 here (which lets the kernel decide the address),
-    // but explicit addresses are also accepted and respected.
     if (target == 0) {
-        target = heap_end;
+        auto offset = memory_region->LinearAllocate(size);
+        if (!offset) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Kernel, "Not enough space");
+            return ERR_OUT_OF_HEAP_MEMORY;
+        }
+        physical_offset = *offset;
+        target = physical_offset + GetLinearHeapAreaAddress();
+    } else {
+        if (target < GetLinearHeapBase() || target + size > GetLinearHeapLimit() ||
+            target + size < target) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Kernel, "Invalid linear heap address");
+            return ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS;
+        }
+
+        // Kernel would crash/return error when target doesn't meet some requirement.
+        // It seems that target is required to follow immediately after the allocated linear heap,
+        // or cover the entire hole if there is any.
+        // Right now we just ignore these checks because they are still unclear. Further more,
+        // games and homebrew only ever seem to pass target = 0 here (which lets the kernel decide
+        // the address), so this not important.
+
+        physical_offset = target - GetLinearHeapAreaAddress(); // relative to FCRAM
+        if (!memory_region->LinearAllocate(physical_offset, size)) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Kernel, "Trying to allocate already allocated memory");
+            return ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS_STATE;
+        }
     }
 
-    if (target < GetLinearHeapBase() || target + size > GetLinearHeapLimit() || target > heap_end ||
+    u8* backing_memory = Memory::fcram.data() + physical_offset;
-        target + size < target) {
 
-        return ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS;
+    std::fill(backing_memory, backing_memory + size, 0);
-    }
+    auto vma = vm_manager.MapBackingMemory(target, backing_memory, size, MemoryState::Continuous);
+    ASSERT(vma.Succeeded());
+    vm_manager.Reprotect(vma.Unwrap(), perms);
 
-    // Expansion of the linear heap is only allowed if you do an allocation immediately at its
+    memory_used += size;
-    // end. It's possible to free gaps in the middle of the heap and then reallocate them later,
+    resource_limit->current_commit += size;
-    // but expansions are only allowed at the end.
-    if (target == heap_end) {
-        linheap_memory->insert(linheap_memory->end(), size, 0);
-        vm_manager.RefreshMemoryBlockMappings(linheap_memory.get());
-    }
-
-    // TODO(yuriks): As is, this lets processes map memory allocated by other processes from the
-    // same region. It is unknown if or how the 3DS kernel checks against this.
-    std::size_t offset = target - GetLinearHeapBase();
-    CASCADE_RESULT(auto vma, vm_manager.MapMemoryBlock(target, linheap_memory, offset, size,
-                                                       MemoryState::Continuous));
-    vm_manager.Reprotect(vma, perms);
-
-    linear_heap_used += size;
-    memory_region->used += size;
 
+    LOG_DEBUG(Kernel, "Allocated at target={:08X}", target);
     return MakeResult<VAddr>(target);
 }
 
 ResultCode Process::LinearFree(VAddr target, u32 size) {
-    auto& linheap_memory = memory_region->linear_heap_memory;
+    LOG_DEBUG(Kernel, "Free linear heap target={:08X}, size={:08X}", target, size);
-
     if (target < GetLinearHeapBase() || target + size > GetLinearHeapLimit() ||
         target + size < target) {
-
+        LOG_ERROR(Kernel, "Invalid linear heap address");
         return ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS;
     }
 
@@ -273,32 +288,75 @@ ResultCode Process::LinearFree(VAddr target, u32 size) {
         return RESULT_SUCCESS;
     }
 
-    VAddr heap_end = GetLinearHeapBase() + (u32)linheap_memory->size();
+    ResultCode result = vm_manager.UnmapRange(target, size);
-    if (target + size > heap_end) {
+    if (result.IsError()) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Kernel, "Trying to free already freed memory");
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    memory_used -= size;
+    resource_limit->current_commit -= size;
+
+    u32 physical_offset = target - GetLinearHeapAreaAddress(); // relative to FCRAM
+    memory_region->Free(physical_offset, size);
+
+    return RESULT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+ResultCode Process::Map(VAddr target, VAddr source, u32 size, VMAPermission perms) {
+    LOG_DEBUG(Kernel, "Map memory target={:08X}, source={:08X}, size={:08X}, perms={:08X}", target,
+              source, size, static_cast<u8>(perms));
+    if (source < Memory::HEAP_VADDR || source + size > Memory::HEAP_VADDR_END ||
+        source + size < source) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Kernel, "Invalid source address");
+        return ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS;
+    }
+
+    // TODO(wwylele): check target address range. Is it also restricted to heap region?
+
+    auto vma = vm_manager.FindVMA(target);
+    if (vma->second.type != VMAType::Free || vma->second.base + vma->second.size < target + size) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Kernel, "Trying to map to already allocated memory");
         return ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS_STATE;
     }
 
-    ResultCode result = vm_manager.UnmapRange(target, size);
+    // Mark source region as Aliased
-    if (result.IsError())
+    CASCADE_CODE(vm_manager.ChangeMemoryState(source, size, MemoryState::Private,
-        return result;
+                                              VMAPermission::ReadWrite, MemoryState::Aliased,
+                                              VMAPermission::ReadWrite));
 
-    linear_heap_used -= size;
+    CASCADE_RESULT(auto backing_blocks, vm_manager.GetBackingBlocksForRange(source, size));
-    memory_region->used -= size;
+    VAddr interval_target = target;
-
+    for (const auto [backing_memory, block_size] : backing_blocks) {
-    if (target + size == heap_end) {
+        auto target_vma = vm_manager.MapBackingMemory(interval_target, backing_memory, block_size,
-        // End of linear heap has been freed, so check what's the last allocated block in it and
+                                                      MemoryState::Alias);
-        // reduce the size.
+        interval_target += block_size;
-        auto vma = vm_manager.FindVMA(target);
-        ASSERT(vma != vm_manager.vma_map.end());
-        ASSERT(vma->second.type == VMAType::Free);
-        VAddr new_end = vma->second.base;
-        if (new_end >= GetLinearHeapBase()) {
-            linheap_memory->resize(new_end - GetLinearHeapBase());
-        }
     }
 
     return RESULT_SUCCESS;
 }
+ResultCode Process::Unmap(VAddr target, VAddr source, u32 size, VMAPermission perms) {
+    LOG_DEBUG(Kernel, "Unmap memory target={:08X}, source={:08X}, size={:08X}, perms={:08X}",
+              target, source, size, static_cast<u8>(perms));
+    if (source < Memory::HEAP_VADDR || source + size > Memory::HEAP_VADDR_END ||
+        source + size < source) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Kernel, "Invalid source address");
+        return ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS;
+    }
+
+    // TODO(wwylele): check target address range. Is it also restricted to heap region?
+
+    // TODO(wwylele): check that the source and the target are actually a pair created by Map
+    // Should return error 0xD8E007F5 in this case
+
+    CASCADE_CODE(vm_manager.UnmapRange(target, size));
+
+    // Change back source region state. Note that the permission is reprotected according to param
+    CASCADE_CODE(vm_manager.ChangeMemoryState(source, size, MemoryState::Aliased,
+                                              VMAPermission::None, MemoryState::Private, perms));
+
+    return RESULT_SUCCESS;
+}
 
 Kernel::Process::Process(KernelSystem& kernel)
     : Object(kernel), handle_table(kernel), kernel(kernel) {}

src/core/hle/kernel/process.h

@@ -165,15 +165,7 @@ public:
 
     VMManager vm_manager;
 
-    // Memory used to back the allocations in the regular heap. A single vector is used to cover
+    u32 memory_used = 0;
-    // the entire virtual address space extents that bound the allocations, including any holes.
-    // This makes deallocation and reallocation of holes fast and keeps process memory contiguous
-    // in the emulator address space, allowing Memory::GetPointer to be reasonably safe.
-    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<u8>> heap_memory;
-    // The left/right bounds of the address space covered by heap_memory.
-    VAddr heap_start = 0, heap_end = 0;
-
-    u32 heap_used = 0, linear_heap_used = 0, misc_memory_used = 0;
 
     MemoryRegionInfo* memory_region = nullptr;
 
@@ -188,12 +180,17 @@ public:
     VAddr GetLinearHeapBase() const;
     VAddr GetLinearHeapLimit() const;
 
-    ResultVal<VAddr> HeapAllocate(VAddr target, u32 size, VMAPermission perms);
+    ResultVal<VAddr> HeapAllocate(VAddr target, u32 size, VMAPermission perms,
+                                  MemoryState memory_state = MemoryState::Private,
+                                  bool skip_range_check = false);
     ResultCode HeapFree(VAddr target, u32 size);
 
     ResultVal<VAddr> LinearAllocate(VAddr target, u32 size, VMAPermission perms);
     ResultCode LinearFree(VAddr target, u32 size);
 
+    ResultCode Map(VAddr target, VAddr source, u32 size, VMAPermission perms);
+    ResultCode Unmap(VAddr target, VAddr source, u32 size, VMAPermission perms);
+
 private:
     explicit Process(Kernel::KernelSystem& kernel);
     ~Process() override;

src/core/hle/kernel/shared_memory.cpp

@@ -11,8 +11,13 @@
 
 namespace Kernel {
 
-SharedMemory::SharedMemory(KernelSystem& kernel) : Object(kernel) {}
+SharedMemory::SharedMemory(KernelSystem& kernel) : Object(kernel), kernel(kernel) {}
-SharedMemory::~SharedMemory() {}
+SharedMemory::~SharedMemory() {
+    for (const auto& interval : holding_memory) {
+        kernel.GetMemoryRegion(MemoryRegion::SYSTEM)
+            ->Free(interval.lower(), interval.upper() - interval.lower());
+    }
+}
 
 SharedPtr<SharedMemory> KernelSystem::CreateSharedMemory(Process* owner_process, u32 size,
                                                          MemoryPermission permissions,
@@ -31,44 +36,26 @@ SharedPtr<SharedMemory> KernelSystem::CreateSharedMemory(Process* owner_process,
         // We need to allocate a block from the Linear Heap ourselves.
         // We'll manually allocate some memory from the linear heap in the specified region.
         MemoryRegionInfo* memory_region = GetMemoryRegion(region);
-        auto& linheap_memory = memory_region->linear_heap_memory;
+        auto offset = memory_region->LinearAllocate(size);
 
-        ASSERT_MSG(linheap_memory->size() + size <= memory_region->size,
+        ASSERT_MSG(offset, "Not enough space in region to allocate shared memory!");
-                   "Not enough space in region to allocate shared memory!");
 
-        shared_memory->backing_block = linheap_memory;
+        std::fill(Memory::fcram.data() + *offset, Memory::fcram.data() + *offset + size, 0);
-        shared_memory->backing_block_offset = linheap_memory->size();
+        shared_memory->backing_blocks = {{Memory::fcram.data() + *offset, size}};
-        // Allocate some memory from the end of the linear heap for this region.
+        shared_memory->holding_memory += MemoryRegionInfo::Interval(*offset, *offset + size);
-        linheap_memory->insert(linheap_memory->end(), size, 0);
+        shared_memory->linear_heap_phys_offset = *offset;
-        memory_region->used += size;
-
-        shared_memory->linear_heap_phys_address =
-            Memory::FCRAM_PADDR + memory_region->base +
-            static_cast<PAddr>(shared_memory->backing_block_offset);
 
         // Increase the amount of used linear heap memory for the owner process.
         if (shared_memory->owner_process != nullptr) {
-            shared_memory->owner_process->linear_heap_used += size;
+            shared_memory->owner_process->memory_used += size;
-        }
-
-        // Refresh the address mappings for the current process.
-        if (current_process != nullptr) {
-            current_process->vm_manager.RefreshMemoryBlockMappings(linheap_memory.get());
         }
     } else {
         auto& vm_manager = shared_memory->owner_process->vm_manager;
         // The memory is already available and mapped in the owner process.
-        auto vma = vm_manager.FindVMA(address);
-        ASSERT_MSG(vma != vm_manager.vma_map.end(), "Invalid memory address");
-        ASSERT_MSG(vma->second.backing_block, "Backing block doesn't exist for address");
 
-        // The returned VMA might be a bigger one encompassing the desired address.
+        auto backing_blocks = vm_manager.GetBackingBlocksForRange(address, size);
-        auto vma_offset = address - vma->first;
+        ASSERT_MSG(backing_blocks.Succeeded(), "Trying to share freed memory");
-        ASSERT_MSG(vma_offset + size <= vma->second.size,
+        shared_memory->backing_blocks = std::move(backing_blocks).Unwrap();
-                   "Shared memory exceeds bounds of mapped block");
-
-        shared_memory->backing_block = vma->second.backing_block;
-        shared_memory->backing_block_offset = vma->second.offset + vma_offset;
     }
 
     shared_memory->base_address = address;
@@ -76,17 +63,26 @@ SharedPtr<SharedMemory> KernelSystem::CreateSharedMemory(Process* owner_process,
 }
 
 SharedPtr<SharedMemory> KernelSystem::CreateSharedMemoryForApplet(
-    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<u8>> heap_block, u32 offset, u32 size, MemoryPermission permissions,
+    u32 offset, u32 size, MemoryPermission permissions, MemoryPermission other_permissions,
-    MemoryPermission other_permissions, std::string name) {
+    std::string name) {
     SharedPtr<SharedMemory> shared_memory(new SharedMemory(*this));
 
+    // Allocate memory in heap
+    MemoryRegionInfo* memory_region = GetMemoryRegion(MemoryRegion::SYSTEM);
+    auto backing_blocks = memory_region->HeapAllocate(size);
+    ASSERT_MSG(!backing_blocks.empty(), "Not enough space in region to allocate shared memory!");
+    shared_memory->holding_memory = backing_blocks;
     shared_memory->owner_process = nullptr;
     shared_memory->name = std::move(name);
     shared_memory->size = size;
     shared_memory->permissions = permissions;
     shared_memory->other_permissions = other_permissions;
-    shared_memory->backing_block = heap_block;
+    for (const auto& interval : backing_blocks) {
-    shared_memory->backing_block_offset = offset;
+        shared_memory->backing_blocks.push_back(
+            {Memory::fcram.data() + interval.lower(), interval.upper() - interval.lower()});
+        std::fill(Memory::fcram.data() + interval.lower(), Memory::fcram.data() + interval.upper(),
+                  0);
+    }
     shared_memory->base_address = Memory::HEAP_VADDR + offset;
 
     return shared_memory;
@@ -146,24 +142,29 @@ ResultCode SharedMemory::Map(Process* target_process, VAddr address, MemoryPermi
 
     if (base_address == 0 && target_address == 0) {
         // Calculate the address at which to map the memory block.
-        auto maybe_vaddr = Memory::PhysicalToVirtualAddress(linear_heap_phys_address);
+        target_address = linear_heap_phys_offset + target_process->GetLinearHeapAreaAddress();
-        ASSERT(maybe_vaddr);
+    }
-        target_address = *maybe_vaddr;
+
+    auto vma = target_process->vm_manager.FindVMA(target_address);
+    if (vma->second.type != VMAType::Free ||
+        vma->second.base + vma->second.size < target_address + size) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Kernel,
+                  "cannot map id={}, address=0x{:08X} name={}, mapping to already allocated memory",
+                  GetObjectId(), address, name);
+        return ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS_STATE;
     }
 
     // Map the memory block into the target process
-    auto result = target_process->vm_manager.MapMemoryBlock(
+    VAddr interval_target = target_address;
-        target_address, backing_block, backing_block_offset, size, MemoryState::Shared);
+    for (const auto& interval : backing_blocks) {
-    if (result.Failed()) {
+        auto vma = target_process->vm_manager.MapBackingMemory(
-        LOG_ERROR(
+            interval_target, interval.first, interval.second, MemoryState::Shared);
-            Kernel,
+        ASSERT(vma.Succeeded());
-            "cannot map id={}, target_address=0x{:08X} name={}, error mapping to virtual memory",
+        target_process->vm_manager.Reprotect(vma.Unwrap(), ConvertPermissions(permissions));
-            GetObjectId(), target_address, name);
+        interval_target += interval.second;
-        return result.Code();
     }
 
-    return target_process->vm_manager.ReprotectRange(target_address, size,
+    return RESULT_SUCCESS;
-                                                     ConvertPermissions(permissions));
 }
 
 ResultCode SharedMemory::Unmap(Process* target_process, VAddr address) {
@@ -179,7 +180,10 @@ VMAPermission SharedMemory::ConvertPermissions(MemoryPermission permission) {
 };
 
 u8* SharedMemory::GetPointer(u32 offset) {
-    return backing_block->data() + backing_block_offset + offset;
+    if (backing_blocks.size() != 1) {
+        LOG_WARNING(Kernel, "Unsafe GetPointer on discontinuous SharedMemory");
+    }
+    return backing_blocks[0].first + offset;
 }
 
 } // namespace Kernel

src/core/hle/kernel/shared_memory.h

@@ -61,13 +61,11 @@ public:
     Process* owner_process;
     /// Address of shared memory block in the owner process if specified.
     VAddr base_address;
-    /// Physical address of the shared memory block in the linear heap if no address was specified
+    /// Offset in FCRAM of the shared memory block in the linear heap if no address was specified
     /// during creation.
-    PAddr linear_heap_phys_address;
+    PAddr linear_heap_phys_offset;
     /// Backing memory for this shared memory block.
-    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<u8>> backing_block;
+    std::vector<std::pair<u8*, u32>> backing_blocks;
-    /// Offset into the backing block for this shared memory.
-    std::size_t backing_block_offset;
     /// Size of the memory block. Page-aligned.
     u32 size;
     /// Permission restrictions applied to the process which created the block.
@@ -77,11 +75,14 @@ public:
     /// Name of shared memory object.
     std::string name;
 
+    MemoryRegionInfo::IntervalSet holding_memory;
+
 private:
     explicit SharedMemory(KernelSystem& kernel);
     ~SharedMemory() override;
 
     friend class KernelSystem;
+    KernelSystem& kernel;
 };
 
 } // namespace Kernel

src/core/hle/kernel/svc.cpp

@@ -114,16 +114,12 @@ static ResultCode ControlMemory(u32* out_addr, u32 operation, u32 addr0, u32 add
     }
 
     case MEMOP_MAP: {
-        // TODO: This is just a hack to avoid regressions until memory aliasing is implemented
+        CASCADE_CODE(process.Map(addr0, addr1, size, vma_permissions));
-        CASCADE_RESULT(*out_addr, process.HeapAllocate(addr0, size, vma_permissions));
         break;
     }
 
     case MEMOP_UNMAP: {
-        // TODO: This is just a hack to avoid regressions until memory aliasing is implemented
+        CASCADE_CODE(process.Unmap(addr0, addr1, size, vma_permissions));
-        ResultCode result = process.HeapFree(addr0, size);
-        if (result.IsError())
-            return result;
         break;
     }
 
@@ -1289,7 +1285,7 @@ static ResultCode GetProcessInfo(s64* out, Handle process_handle, u32 type) {
     case 2:
         // TODO(yuriks): Type 0 returns a slightly higher number than type 2, but I'm not sure
         // what's the difference between them.
-        *out = process->heap_used + process->linear_heap_used + process->misc_memory_used;
+        *out = process->memory_used;
         if (*out % Memory::PAGE_SIZE != 0) {
             LOG_ERROR(Kernel_SVC, "called, memory size not page-aligned");
             return ERR_MISALIGNED_SIZE;

src/core/hle/kernel/thread.cpp

@@ -333,32 +333,27 @@ ResultVal<SharedPtr<Thread>> KernelSystem::CreateThread(std::string name, VAddr
         // There are no already-allocated pages with free slots, lets allocate a new one.
         // TLS pages are allocated from the BASE region in the linear heap.
         MemoryRegionInfo* memory_region = GetMemoryRegion(MemoryRegion::BASE);
-        auto& linheap_memory = memory_region->linear_heap_memory;
 
-        if (linheap_memory->size() + Memory::PAGE_SIZE > memory_region->size) {
+        // Allocate some memory from the end of the linear heap for this region.
+        auto offset = memory_region->LinearAllocate(Memory::PAGE_SIZE);
+        if (!offset) {
             LOG_ERROR(Kernel_SVC,
                       "Not enough space in region to allocate a new TLS page for thread");
             return ERR_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
         }
-
+        owner_process.memory_used += Memory::PAGE_SIZE;
-        std::size_t offset = linheap_memory->size();
-
-        // Allocate some memory from the end of the linear heap for this region.
-        linheap_memory->insert(linheap_memory->end(), Memory::PAGE_SIZE, 0);
-        memory_region->used += Memory::PAGE_SIZE;
-        owner_process.linear_heap_used += Memory::PAGE_SIZE;
 
         tls_slots.emplace_back(0); // The page is completely available at the start
         available_page = tls_slots.size() - 1;
         available_slot = 0; // Use the first slot in the new page
 
         auto& vm_manager = owner_process.vm_manager;
-        vm_manager.RefreshMemoryBlockMappings(linheap_memory.get());
 
         // Map the page to the current process' address space.
         // TODO(Subv): Find the correct MemoryState for this region.
-        vm_manager.MapMemoryBlock(Memory::TLS_AREA_VADDR + available_page * Memory::PAGE_SIZE,
+        vm_manager.MapBackingMemory(Memory::TLS_AREA_VADDR + available_page * Memory::PAGE_SIZE,
-                                  linheap_memory, offset, Memory::PAGE_SIZE, MemoryState::Private);
+                                    Memory::fcram.data() + *offset, Memory::PAGE_SIZE,
+                                    MemoryState::Private);
     }
 
     // Mark the slot as used
@@ -366,6 +361,8 @@ ResultVal<SharedPtr<Thread>> KernelSystem::CreateThread(std::string name, VAddr
     thread->tls_address = Memory::TLS_AREA_VADDR + available_page * Memory::PAGE_SIZE +
                           available_slot * Memory::TLS_ENTRY_SIZE;
 
+    Memory::ZeroBlock(owner_process, thread->tls_address, Memory::TLS_ENTRY_SIZE);
+
     // TODO(peachum): move to ScheduleThread() when scheduler is added so selected core is used
     // to initialize the context
     ResetThreadContext(thread->context, stack_top, entry_point, arg);

src/core/hle/kernel/vm_manager.cpp

@@ -408,4 +408,25 @@ void VMManager::UpdatePageTableForVMA(const VirtualMemoryArea& vma) {
         break;
     }
 }
+
+ResultVal<std::vector<std::pair<u8*, u32>>> VMManager::GetBackingBlocksForRange(VAddr address,
+                                                                                u32 size) {
+    std::vector<std::pair<u8*, u32>> backing_blocks;
+    VAddr interval_target = address;
+    while (interval_target != address + size) {
+        auto vma = FindVMA(interval_target);
+        if (vma->second.type != VMAType::BackingMemory) {
+            LOG_ERROR(Kernel, "Trying to use already freed memory");
+            return ERR_INVALID_ADDRESS_STATE;
+        }
+
+        VAddr interval_end = std::min(address + size, vma->second.base + vma->second.size);
+        u32 interval_size = interval_end - interval_target;
+        u8* backing_memory = vma->second.backing_memory + (interval_target - vma->second.base);
+        backing_blocks.push_back({backing_memory, interval_size});
+
+        interval_target += interval_size;
+    }
+    return MakeResult(backing_blocks);
+}
 } // namespace Kernel

src/core/hle/kernel/vm_manager.h

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
+#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 #include "common/common_types.h"
 #include "core/hle/result.h"
@@ -213,6 +214,9 @@ public:
     /// Dumps the address space layout to the log, for debugging
     void LogLayout(Log::Level log_level) const;
 
+    /// Gets a list of backing memory blocks for the specified range
+    ResultVal<std::vector<std::pair<u8*, u32>>> GetBackingBlocksForRange(VAddr address, u32 size);
+
     /// Each VMManager has its own page table, which is set as the main one when the owning process
     /// is scheduled.
     Memory::PageTable page_table;

src/core/hle/service/apt/apt.cpp

@@ -207,8 +207,8 @@ void Module::Interface::GetSharedFont(Kernel::HLERequestContext& ctx) {
 
     // The shared font has to be relocated to the new address before being passed to the
     // application.
-    auto maybe_vaddr =
+    auto maybe_vaddr = Memory::PhysicalToVirtualAddress(
-        Memory::PhysicalToVirtualAddress(apt->shared_font_mem->linear_heap_phys_address);
+        apt->shared_font_mem->linear_heap_phys_offset + Memory::FCRAM_PADDR);
     ASSERT(maybe_vaddr);
     VAddr target_address = *maybe_vaddr;
     if (!apt->shared_font_relocated) {

src/core/memory.cpp

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ namespace Memory {
 
 static std::array<u8, Memory::VRAM_SIZE> vram;
 static std::array<u8, Memory::N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_SIZE> n3ds_extra_ram;
+std::array<u8, Memory::FCRAM_N3DS_SIZE> fcram;
 
 static PageTable* current_page_table = nullptr;
 
@@ -305,15 +306,7 @@ u8* GetPhysicalPointer(PAddr address) {
         target_pointer = Core::DSP().GetDspMemory().data() + offset_into_region;
         break;
     case FCRAM_PADDR:
-        for (const auto& region : Core::System::GetInstance().Kernel().memory_regions) {
+        target_pointer = fcram.data() + offset_into_region;
-            if (offset_into_region >= region.base &&
-                offset_into_region < region.base + region.size) {
-                target_pointer =
-                    region.linear_heap_memory->data() + offset_into_region - region.base;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        ASSERT_MSG(target_pointer != nullptr, "Invalid FCRAM address");
         break;
     case N3DS_EXTRA_RAM_PADDR:
         target_pointer = n3ds_extra_ram.data() + offset_into_region;
@@ -846,4 +839,9 @@ std::optional<VAddr> PhysicalToVirtualAddress(const PAddr addr) {
     return {};
 }
 
+u32 GetFCRAMOffset(u8* pointer) {
+    ASSERT(pointer >= fcram.data() && pointer < fcram.data() + fcram.size());
+    return pointer - fcram.data();
+}
+
 } // namespace Memory

src/core/memory.h

@@ -176,6 +176,8 @@ enum : VAddr {
     NEW_LINEAR_HEAP_VADDR_END = NEW_LINEAR_HEAP_VADDR + NEW_LINEAR_HEAP_SIZE,
 };
 
+extern std::array<u8, Memory::FCRAM_N3DS_SIZE> fcram;
+
 /// Currently active page table
 void SetCurrentPageTable(PageTable* page_table);
 PageTable* GetCurrentPageTable();
@@ -271,4 +273,7 @@ enum class FlushMode {
  */
 void RasterizerFlushVirtualRegion(VAddr start, u32 size, FlushMode mode);
 
+/// Gets offset in FCRAM from a pointer inside FCRAM range
+u32 GetFCRAMOffset(u8* pointer);
+
 } // namespace Memory