gl_buffer_cache: Implement with generic buffer cache

src/video_core/rasterizer_interface.h

@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@ public:
     /// and invalidated
     virtual void FlushAndInvalidateRegion(CacheAddr addr, u64 size) = 0;
 
+    /// Notify rasterizer that a frame is about to finish
+    virtual void TickFrame() = 0;
+
     /// Attempt to use a faster method to perform a surface copy
     virtual bool AccelerateSurfaceCopy(const Tegra::Engines::Fermi2D::Regs::Surface& src,
                                        const Tegra::Engines::Fermi2D::Regs::Surface& dst,

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.cpp

@@ -2,192 +2,57 @@
 // Licensed under GPLv2 or any later version
 // Refer to the license.txt file included.
 
-#include <cstring>
 #include <memory>
-#include <utility>
 
-#include "common/alignment.h"
+#include <glad/glad.h>
+
 #include "common/assert.h"
-#include "core/core.h"
-#include "video_core/memory_manager.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_rasterizer.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_resource_manager.h"
 
 namespace OpenGL {
 
-namespace {
+OGLBufferCache::OGLBufferCache(RasterizerOpenGL& rasterizer, Core::System& system,
-
+                               std::size_t stream_size)
-constexpr GLuint EmptyBuffer = 0;
+    : VideoCommon::BufferCache<OGLBuffer, GLuint, OGLStreamBuffer>{
-constexpr GLintptr CachedBufferOffset = 0;
+          rasterizer, system, std::make_unique<OGLStreamBuffer>(stream_size, true)} {}
-
-OGLBuffer CreateBuffer(std::size_t size, GLenum usage) {
-    OGLBuffer buffer;
-    buffer.Create();
-    glNamedBufferData(buffer.handle, size, nullptr, usage);
-    return buffer;
-}
-
-} // Anonymous namespace
-
-CachedBufferEntry::CachedBufferEntry(VAddr cpu_addr, u8* host_ptr)
-    : RasterizerCacheObject{host_ptr}, host_ptr{host_ptr}, cpu_addr{cpu_addr} {}
-
-OGLBufferCache::OGLBufferCache(RasterizerOpenGL& rasterizer, Core::System& system, std::size_t size)
-    : RasterizerCache{rasterizer}, system{system}, stream_buffer(size, true) {}
 
 OGLBufferCache::~OGLBufferCache() = default;
 
-void OGLBufferCache::Unregister(const std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry>& entry) {
+OGLBuffer OGLBufferCache::CreateBuffer(std::size_t size) {
-    std::lock_guard lock{mutex};
+    OGLBuffer buffer;
-
+    buffer.Create();
-    if (entry->IsInternalized()) {
+    glNamedBufferData(buffer.handle, static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(size), nullptr, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
-        internalized_entries.erase(entry->GetCacheAddr());
+    return buffer;
-    }
-    ReserveBuffer(entry);
-    RasterizerCache<std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry>>::Unregister(entry);
 }
 
-OGLBufferCache::BufferInfo OGLBufferCache::UploadMemory(GPUVAddr gpu_addr, std::size_t size,
+const GLuint* OGLBufferCache::ToHandle(const OGLBuffer& buffer) {
-                                                        std::size_t alignment, bool internalize,
+    return &buffer.handle;
-                                                        bool is_written) {
-    std::lock_guard lock{mutex};
-
-    auto& memory_manager = system.GPU().MemoryManager();
-    const auto host_ptr{memory_manager.GetPointer(gpu_addr)};
-    const auto cache_addr{ToCacheAddr(host_ptr)};
-    if (!host_ptr) {
-        return {EmptyBuffer, 0};
-    }
-
-    // Cache management is a big overhead, so only cache entries with a given size.
-    // TODO: Figure out which size is the best for given games.
-    if (!internalize && size < 0x800 &&
-        internalized_entries.find(cache_addr) == internalized_entries.end()) {
-        return StreamBufferUpload(host_ptr, size, alignment);
-    }
-
-    auto entry = TryGet(host_ptr);
-    if (!entry) {
-        return FixedBufferUpload(gpu_addr, host_ptr, size, internalize, is_written);
-    }
-
-    if (entry->GetSize() < size) {
-        GrowBuffer(entry, size);
-    }
-    if (is_written) {
-        entry->MarkAsModified(true, *this);
-    }
-    return {entry->GetBuffer(), CachedBufferOffset};
 }
 
-OGLBufferCache::BufferInfo OGLBufferCache::UploadHostMemory(const void* raw_pointer,
+const GLuint* OGLBufferCache::GetEmptyBuffer(std::size_t) {
-                                                            std::size_t size,
+    static const GLuint null_buffer = 0;
-                                                            std::size_t alignment) {
+    return &null_buffer;
-    std::lock_guard lock{mutex};
-    return StreamBufferUpload(raw_pointer, size, alignment);
 }
 
-bool OGLBufferCache::Map(std::size_t max_size) {
+void OGLBufferCache::UploadBufferData(const OGLBuffer& buffer, std::size_t offset, std::size_t size,
-    const auto max_size_ = static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(max_size);
+                                      const u8* data) {
-    bool invalidate;
+    glNamedBufferSubData(buffer.handle, static_cast<GLintptr>(offset),
-    std::tie(buffer_ptr, buffer_offset_base, invalidate) = stream_buffer.Map(max_size_, 4);
+                         static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(size), data);
-    buffer_offset = buffer_offset_base;
-    return invalidate;
 }
 
-void OGLBufferCache::Unmap() {
+void OGLBufferCache::DownloadBufferData(const OGLBuffer& buffer, std::size_t offset,
-    stream_buffer.Unmap(buffer_offset - buffer_offset_base);
+                                        std::size_t size, u8* data) {
+    glGetNamedBufferSubData(buffer.handle, static_cast<GLintptr>(offset),
+                            static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(size), data);
 }
 
-void OGLBufferCache::FlushObjectInner(const std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry>& entry) {
+void OGLBufferCache::CopyBufferData(const OGLBuffer& src, const OGLBuffer& dst,
-    glGetNamedBufferSubData(entry->GetBuffer(), 0, entry->GetSize(), entry->GetWritableHostPtr());
+                                    std::size_t src_offset, std::size_t dst_offset,
-}
+                                    std::size_t size) {
-
+    glCopyNamedBufferSubData(src.handle, dst.handle, static_cast<GLintptr>(src_offset),
-OGLBufferCache::BufferInfo OGLBufferCache::StreamBufferUpload(const void* raw_pointer,
+                             static_cast<GLintptr>(dst_offset), static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(size));
-                                                              std::size_t size,
-                                                              std::size_t alignment) {
-    AlignBuffer(alignment);
-    const GLintptr uploaded_offset = buffer_offset;
-    std::memcpy(buffer_ptr, raw_pointer, size);
-
-    buffer_ptr += size;
-    buffer_offset += size;
-    return {stream_buffer.GetHandle(), uploaded_offset};
-}
-
-OGLBufferCache::BufferInfo OGLBufferCache::FixedBufferUpload(GPUVAddr gpu_addr, u8* host_ptr,
-                                                             std::size_t size, bool internalize,
-                                                             bool is_written) {
-    auto& memory_manager = system.GPU().MemoryManager();
-    const auto cpu_addr = *memory_manager.GpuToCpuAddress(gpu_addr);
-    auto entry = GetUncachedBuffer(cpu_addr, host_ptr);
-    entry->SetSize(size);
-    entry->SetInternalState(internalize);
-    Register(entry);
-
-    if (internalize) {
-        internalized_entries.emplace(ToCacheAddr(host_ptr));
-    }
-    if (is_written) {
-        entry->MarkAsModified(true, *this);
-    }
-
-    if (entry->GetCapacity() < size) {
-        entry->SetCapacity(CreateBuffer(size, GL_STATIC_DRAW), size);
-    }
-    glNamedBufferSubData(entry->GetBuffer(), 0, static_cast<GLintptr>(size), host_ptr);
-    return {entry->GetBuffer(), CachedBufferOffset};
-}
-
-void OGLBufferCache::GrowBuffer(std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry>& entry, std::size_t new_size) {
-    const auto old_size = static_cast<GLintptr>(entry->GetSize());
-    if (entry->GetCapacity() < new_size) {
-        const auto old_buffer = entry->GetBuffer();
-        OGLBuffer new_buffer = CreateBuffer(new_size, GL_STATIC_COPY);
-
-        // Copy bits from the old buffer to the new buffer.
-        glCopyNamedBufferSubData(old_buffer, new_buffer.handle, 0, 0, old_size);
-        entry->SetCapacity(std::move(new_buffer), new_size);
-    }
-    // Upload the new bits.
-    const auto size_diff = static_cast<GLintptr>(new_size - old_size);
-    glNamedBufferSubData(entry->GetBuffer(), old_size, size_diff, entry->GetHostPtr() + old_size);
-
-    // Update entry's size in the object and in the cache.
-    entry->SetSize(new_size);
-    Unregister(entry);
-    Register(entry);
-}
-
-std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry> OGLBufferCache::GetUncachedBuffer(VAddr cpu_addr, u8* host_ptr) {
-    if (auto entry = TryGetReservedBuffer(host_ptr)) {
-        return entry;
-    }
-    return std::make_shared<CachedBufferEntry>(cpu_addr, host_ptr);
-}
-
-std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry> OGLBufferCache::TryGetReservedBuffer(u8* host_ptr) {
-    const auto it = buffer_reserve.find(ToCacheAddr(host_ptr));
-    if (it == buffer_reserve.end()) {
-        return {};
-    }
-    auto& reserve = it->second;
-    auto entry = reserve.back();
-    reserve.pop_back();
-    return entry;
-}
-
-void OGLBufferCache::ReserveBuffer(std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry> entry) {
-    buffer_reserve[entry->GetCacheAddr()].push_back(std::move(entry));
-}
-
-void OGLBufferCache::AlignBuffer(std::size_t alignment) {
-    // Align the offset, not the mapped pointer
-    const GLintptr offset_aligned =
-        static_cast<GLintptr>(Common::AlignUp(static_cast<std::size_t>(buffer_offset), alignment));
-    buffer_ptr += offset_aligned - buffer_offset;
-    buffer_offset = offset_aligned;
 }
 
 } // namespace OpenGL

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_buffer_cache.h

@@ -4,15 +4,10 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <map>
 #include <memory>
-#include <tuple>
-#include <unordered_set>
-#include <utility>
-#include <vector>
 
 #include "common/common_types.h"
+#include "video_core/buffer_cache.h"
 #include "video_core/rasterizer_cache.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_resource_manager.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_stream_buffer.h"
@@ -23,112 +18,30 @@ class System;
 
 namespace OpenGL {
 
+class OGLStreamBuffer;
 class RasterizerOpenGL;
 
-class CachedBufferEntry final : public RasterizerCacheObject {
+class OGLBufferCache final : public VideoCommon::BufferCache<OGLBuffer, GLuint, OGLStreamBuffer> {
 public:
-    explicit CachedBufferEntry(VAddr cpu_addr, u8* host_ptr);
+    explicit OGLBufferCache(RasterizerOpenGL& rasterizer, Core::System& system,
-
+                            std::size_t stream_size);
-    VAddr GetCpuAddr() const override {
-        return cpu_addr;
-    }
-
-    std::size_t GetSizeInBytes() const override {
-        return size;
-    }
-
-    u8* GetWritableHostPtr() const {
-        return host_ptr;
-    }
-
-    std::size_t GetSize() const {
-        return size;
-    }
-
-    std::size_t GetCapacity() const {
-        return capacity;
-    }
-
-    bool IsInternalized() const {
-        return is_internal;
-    }
-
-    GLuint GetBuffer() const {
-        return buffer.handle;
-    }
-
-    void SetSize(std::size_t new_size) {
-        size = new_size;
-    }
-
-    void SetInternalState(bool is_internal_) {
-        is_internal = is_internal_;
-    }
-
-    void SetCapacity(OGLBuffer&& new_buffer, std::size_t new_capacity) {
-        capacity = new_capacity;
-        buffer = std::move(new_buffer);
-    }
-
-private:
-    u8* host_ptr{};
-    VAddr cpu_addr{};
-    std::size_t size{};
-    std::size_t capacity{};
-    bool is_internal{};
-    OGLBuffer buffer;
-};
-
-class OGLBufferCache final : public RasterizerCache<std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry>> {
-    using BufferInfo = std::pair<GLuint, GLintptr>;
-
-public:
-    explicit OGLBufferCache(RasterizerOpenGL& rasterizer, Core::System& system, std::size_t size);
     ~OGLBufferCache();
 
-    void Unregister(const std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry>& entry) override;
-
-    /// Uploads data from a guest GPU address. Returns the OpenGL buffer where it's located and its
-    /// offset.
-    BufferInfo UploadMemory(GPUVAddr gpu_addr, std::size_t size, std::size_t alignment = 4,
-                            bool internalize = false, bool is_written = false);
-
-    /// Uploads from a host memory. Returns the OpenGL buffer where it's located and its offset.
-    BufferInfo UploadHostMemory(const void* raw_pointer, std::size_t size,
-                                std::size_t alignment = 4);
-
-    bool Map(std::size_t max_size);
-    void Unmap();
-
 protected:
-    // We do not have to flush this cache as things in it are never modified by us.
+    OGLBuffer CreateBuffer(std::size_t size) override;
-    void FlushObjectInner(const std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry>& entry) override;
 
-private:
+    const GLuint* ToHandle(const OGLBuffer& buffer) override;
-    BufferInfo StreamBufferUpload(const void* raw_pointer, std::size_t size, std::size_t alignment);
 
-    BufferInfo FixedBufferUpload(GPUVAddr gpu_addr, u8* host_ptr, std::size_t size,
+    const GLuint* GetEmptyBuffer(std::size_t) override;
-                                 bool internalize, bool is_written);
 
-    void GrowBuffer(std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry>& entry, std::size_t new_size);
+    void UploadBufferData(const OGLBuffer& buffer, std::size_t offset, std::size_t size,
+                          const u8* data) override;
 
-    std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry> GetUncachedBuffer(VAddr cpu_addr, u8* host_ptr);
+    void DownloadBufferData(const OGLBuffer& buffer, std::size_t offset, std::size_t size,
+                            u8* data) override;
 
-    std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry> TryGetReservedBuffer(u8* host_ptr);
+    void CopyBufferData(const OGLBuffer& src, const OGLBuffer& dst, std::size_t src_offset,
-
+                        std::size_t dst_offset, std::size_t size) override;
-    void ReserveBuffer(std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry> entry);
-
-    void AlignBuffer(std::size_t alignment);
-
-    Core::System& system;
-
-    u8* buffer_ptr = nullptr;
-    GLintptr buffer_offset = 0;
-    GLintptr buffer_offset_base = 0;
-
-    OGLStreamBuffer stream_buffer;
-    std::unordered_set<CacheAddr> internalized_entries;
-    std::unordered_map<CacheAddr, std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CachedBufferEntry>>> buffer_reserve;
 };
 
 } // namespace OpenGL

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_rasterizer.cpp

@@ -198,7 +198,8 @@ void RasterizerOpenGL::SetupVertexBuffer(GLuint vao) {
         const auto [vertex_buffer, vertex_buffer_offset] = buffer_cache.UploadMemory(start, size);
 
         // Bind the vertex array to the buffer at the current offset.
-        glVertexArrayVertexBuffer(vao, index, vertex_buffer, vertex_buffer_offset,
+        // FIXME(Rodrigo): This dereferenced pointer might be invalidated in future uploads.
+        glVertexArrayVertexBuffer(vao, index, *vertex_buffer, vertex_buffer_offset,
                                   vertex_array.stride);
 
         if (regs.instanced_arrays.IsInstancingEnabled(index) && vertex_array.divisor != 0) {
@@ -221,7 +222,8 @@ GLintptr RasterizerOpenGL::SetupIndexBuffer(GLuint vao) {
     const auto& regs = system.GPU().Maxwell3D().regs;
     const std::size_t size = CalculateIndexBufferSize();
     const auto [buffer, offset] = buffer_cache.UploadMemory(regs.index_array.IndexStart(), size);
-    glVertexArrayElementBuffer(vao, buffer);
+    // FIXME(Rodrigo): This dereferenced pointer might be invalidated in future uploads.
+    glVertexArrayElementBuffer(vao, *buffer);
     return offset;
 }
 
@@ -255,10 +257,6 @@ void RasterizerOpenGL::SetupShaders(GLenum primitive_mode) {
     BaseBindings base_bindings;
     std::array<bool, Maxwell::NumClipDistances> clip_distances{};
 
-    // Prepare packed bindings
-    bind_ubo_pushbuffer.Setup(base_bindings.cbuf);
-    bind_ssbo_pushbuffer.Setup(base_bindings.gmem);
-
     for (std::size_t index = 0; index < Maxwell::MaxShaderProgram; ++index) {
         const auto& shader_config = gpu.regs.shader_config[index];
         const Maxwell::ShaderProgram program{static_cast<Maxwell::ShaderProgram>(index)};
@@ -328,9 +326,6 @@ void RasterizerOpenGL::SetupShaders(GLenum primitive_mode) {
         base_bindings = next_bindings;
     }
 
-    bind_ubo_pushbuffer.Bind();
-    bind_ssbo_pushbuffer.Bind();
-
     SyncClipEnabled(clip_distances);
 
     gpu.dirty_flags.shaders = false;
@@ -644,11 +639,8 @@ void RasterizerOpenGL::DrawArrays() {
     buffer_size +=
         Maxwell::MaxConstBuffers * (MaxConstbufferSize + device.GetUniformBufferAlignment());
 
-    const bool invalidate = buffer_cache.Map(buffer_size);
+    // Prepare the vertex array.
-    if (invalidate) {
+    buffer_cache.Map(buffer_size);
-        // As all cached buffers are invalidated, we need to recheck their state.
-        gpu.dirty_flags.vertex_array.set();
-    }
 
     // Prepare vertex array format.
     const GLuint vao = SetupVertexFormat();
@@ -660,6 +652,10 @@ void RasterizerOpenGL::DrawArrays() {
     // Setup draw parameters. It will automatically choose what glDraw* method to use.
     const DrawParameters params = SetupDraw(index_buffer_offset);
 
+    // Prepare packed bindings.
+    bind_ubo_pushbuffer.Setup(0);
+    bind_ssbo_pushbuffer.Setup(0);
+
     // Setup shaders and their used resources.
     texture_cache.GuardSamplers(true);
     SetupShaders(params.primitive_mode);
@@ -667,7 +663,17 @@ void RasterizerOpenGL::DrawArrays() {
 
     ConfigureFramebuffers(state);
 
-    buffer_cache.Unmap();
+    // Signal the buffer cache that we are not going to upload more things.
+    const bool invalidate = buffer_cache.Unmap();
+
+    // Now that we are no longer uploading data, we can safely bind the buffers to OpenGL.
+    bind_ubo_pushbuffer.Bind();
+    bind_ssbo_pushbuffer.Bind();
+
+    if (invalidate) {
+        // As all cached buffers are invalidated, we need to recheck their state.
+        gpu.dirty_flags.vertex_array.set();
+    }
 
     shader_program_manager->ApplyTo(state);
     state.Apply();
@@ -709,6 +715,10 @@ void RasterizerOpenGL::FlushAndInvalidateRegion(CacheAddr addr, u64 size) {
     InvalidateRegion(addr, size);
 }
 
+void RasterizerOpenGL::TickFrame() {
+    buffer_cache.TickFrame();
+}
+
 bool RasterizerOpenGL::AccelerateSurfaceCopy(const Tegra::Engines::Fermi2D::Regs::Surface& src,
                                              const Tegra::Engines::Fermi2D::Regs::Surface& dst,
                                              const Tegra::Engines::Fermi2D::Config& copy_config) {

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_rasterizer.h

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ public:
     void FlushRegion(CacheAddr addr, u64 size) override;
     void InvalidateRegion(CacheAddr addr, u64 size) override;
     void FlushAndInvalidateRegion(CacheAddr addr, u64 size) override;
+    void TickFrame() override;
     bool AccelerateSurfaceCopy(const Tegra::Engines::Fermi2D::Regs::Surface& src,
                                const Tegra::Engines::Fermi2D::Regs::Surface& dst,
                                const Tegra::Engines::Fermi2D::Config& copy_config) override;

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/renderer_opengl.cpp

@@ -101,7 +101,6 @@ RendererOpenGL::RendererOpenGL(Core::Frontend::EmuWindow& emu_window, Core::Syst
 
 RendererOpenGL::~RendererOpenGL() = default;
 
-/// Swap buffers (render frame)
 void RendererOpenGL::SwapBuffers(
     std::optional<std::reference_wrapper<const Tegra::FramebufferConfig>> framebuffer) {
 
@@ -130,6 +129,8 @@ void RendererOpenGL::SwapBuffers(
 
         DrawScreen(render_window.GetFramebufferLayout());
 
+        rasterizer->TickFrame();
+
         render_window.SwapBuffers();
     }
 
@@ -262,7 +263,6 @@ void RendererOpenGL::CreateRasterizer() {
     if (rasterizer) {
         return;
     }
-    // Initialize sRGB Usage
     OpenGLState::ClearsRGBUsed();
     rasterizer = std::make_unique<RasterizerOpenGL>(system, emu_window, screen_info);
 }

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/utils.cpp

@@ -19,23 +19,30 @@ BindBuffersRangePushBuffer::~BindBuffersRangePushBuffer() = default;
 
 void BindBuffersRangePushBuffer::Setup(GLuint first_) {
     first = first_;
-    buffers.clear();
+    buffer_pointers.clear();
     offsets.clear();
     sizes.clear();
 }
 
-void BindBuffersRangePushBuffer::Push(GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size) {
+void BindBuffersRangePushBuffer::Push(const GLuint* buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size) {
-    buffers.push_back(buffer);
+    buffer_pointers.push_back(buffer);
     offsets.push_back(offset);
     sizes.push_back(size);
 }
 
-void BindBuffersRangePushBuffer::Bind() const {
+void BindBuffersRangePushBuffer::Bind() {
-    const std::size_t count{buffers.size()};
+    // Ensure sizes are valid.
+    const std::size_t count{buffer_pointers.size()};
     DEBUG_ASSERT(count == offsets.size() && count == sizes.size());
     if (count == 0) {
         return;
     }
+
+    // Dereference buffers.
+    buffers.resize(count);
+    std::transform(buffer_pointers.begin(), buffer_pointers.end(), buffers.begin(),
+                   [](const GLuint* pointer) { return *pointer; });
+
     glBindBuffersRange(target, first, static_cast<GLsizei>(count), buffers.data(), offsets.data(),
                        sizes.data());
 }

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/utils.h

@@ -11,20 +11,22 @@
 
 namespace OpenGL {
 
-class BindBuffersRangePushBuffer {
+class BindBuffersRangePushBuffer final {
 public:
-    BindBuffersRangePushBuffer(GLenum target);
+    explicit BindBuffersRangePushBuffer(GLenum target);
     ~BindBuffersRangePushBuffer();
 
     void Setup(GLuint first_);
 
-    void Push(GLuint buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size);
+    void Push(const GLuint* buffer, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr size);
 
-    void Bind() const;
+    void Bind();
 
 private:
-    GLenum target;
+    GLenum target{};
-    GLuint first;
+    GLuint first{};
+    std::vector<const GLuint*> buffer_pointers;
+
     std::vector<GLuint> buffers;
     std::vector<GLintptr> offsets;
     std::vector<GLsizeiptr> sizes;