libsoundio/src/alsa.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2015 Andrew Kelley
 *
 * This file is part of libsoundio, which is MIT licensed.
 * See http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
 */

#include "alsa.hpp"
#include "soundio.hpp"

#include <sys/inotify.h>
#include <math.h>

static snd_pcm_stream_t stream_types[] = {SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE};

static snd_pcm_access_t prioritized_access_types[] = {
    SND_PCM_ACCESS_MMAP_INTERLEAVED,
    SND_PCM_ACCESS_MMAP_NONINTERLEAVED,
    SND_PCM_ACCESS_MMAP_COMPLEX,
    SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED,
    SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED,
};


static void wakeup_device_poll(SoundIoAlsa *sia) {
    ssize_t amt = write(sia->notify_pipe_fd[1], "a", 1);
    if (amt == -1) {
        assert(errno != EBADF);
        assert(errno != EIO);
        assert(errno != ENOSPC);
        assert(errno != EPERM);
        assert(errno != EPIPE);
    }
}

static void destroy_alsa(SoundIoPrivate *si) {
    SoundIoAlsa *sia = &si->backend_data.alsa;

    if (sia->thread) {
        sia->abort_flag.clear();
        wakeup_device_poll(sia);
        soundio_os_thread_destroy(sia->thread);
    }

    if (sia->cond)
        soundio_os_cond_destroy(sia->cond);

    if (sia->mutex)
        soundio_os_mutex_destroy(sia->mutex);

    soundio_destroy_devices_info(sia->ready_devices_info);



    close(sia->notify_pipe_fd[0]);
    close(sia->notify_pipe_fd[1]);
    close(sia->notify_fd);
}

static char * str_partition_on_char(char *str, char c) {
    while (*str) {
        if (*str == c) {
            *str = 0;
            return str + 1;
        }
        str += 1;
    }
    return nullptr;
}

static snd_pcm_stream_t purpose_to_stream(SoundIoDevicePurpose purpose) {
    switch (purpose) {
        case SoundIoDevicePurposeOutput: return SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK;
        case SoundIoDevicePurposeInput: return SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE;
    }
    soundio_panic("invalid purpose");
}

static SoundIoChannelId from_alsa_chmap_pos(unsigned int pos) {
    switch ((snd_pcm_chmap_position)pos) {
        case SND_CHMAP_UNKNOWN: return SoundIoChannelIdInvalid;
        case SND_CHMAP_NA:      return SoundIoChannelIdInvalid;
        case SND_CHMAP_MONO:    return SoundIoChannelIdFrontCenter;
        case SND_CHMAP_FL:      return SoundIoChannelIdFrontLeft; // front left
        case SND_CHMAP_FR:      return SoundIoChannelIdFrontRight; // front right
        case SND_CHMAP_RL:      return SoundIoChannelIdBackLeft; // rear left
        case SND_CHMAP_RR:      return SoundIoChannelIdBackRight; // rear right
        case SND_CHMAP_FC:      return SoundIoChannelIdFrontCenter; // front center
        case SND_CHMAP_LFE:     return SoundIoChannelIdLfe; // LFE
        case SND_CHMAP_SL:      return SoundIoChannelIdSideLeft; // side left
        case SND_CHMAP_SR:      return SoundIoChannelIdSideRight; // side right
        case SND_CHMAP_RC:      return SoundIoChannelIdBackCenter; // rear center
        case SND_CHMAP_FLC:     return SoundIoChannelIdFrontLeftCenter; // front left center
        case SND_CHMAP_FRC:     return SoundIoChannelIdFrontRightCenter; // front right center
        case SND_CHMAP_RLC:     return SoundIoChannelIdBackLeftCenter; // rear left center
        case SND_CHMAP_RRC:     return SoundIoChannelIdBackRightCenter; // rear right center
        case SND_CHMAP_FLW:     return SoundIoChannelIdFrontLeftWide; // front left wide
        case SND_CHMAP_FRW:     return SoundIoChannelIdFrontRightWide; // front right wide
        case SND_CHMAP_FLH:     return SoundIoChannelIdFrontLeftHigh; // front left high
        case SND_CHMAP_FCH:     return SoundIoChannelIdFrontCenterHigh; // front center high
        case SND_CHMAP_FRH:     return SoundIoChannelIdFrontRightHigh; // front right high
        case SND_CHMAP_TC:      return SoundIoChannelIdTopCenter; // top center
        case SND_CHMAP_TFL:     return SoundIoChannelIdTopFrontLeft; // top front left
        case SND_CHMAP_TFR:     return SoundIoChannelIdTopFrontRight; // top front right
        case SND_CHMAP_TFC:     return SoundIoChannelIdTopFrontCenter; // top front center
        case SND_CHMAP_TRL:     return SoundIoChannelIdTopBackLeft; // top rear left
        case SND_CHMAP_TRR:     return SoundIoChannelIdTopBackRight; // top rear right
        case SND_CHMAP_TRC:     return SoundIoChannelIdTopBackCenter; // top rear center
        case SND_CHMAP_TFLC:    return SoundIoChannelIdTopFrontLeftCenter; // top front left center
        case SND_CHMAP_TFRC:    return SoundIoChannelIdTopFrontRightCenter; // top front right center
        case SND_CHMAP_TSL:     return SoundIoChannelIdTopSideLeft; // top side left
        case SND_CHMAP_TSR:     return SoundIoChannelIdTopSideRight; // top side right
        case SND_CHMAP_LLFE:    return SoundIoChannelIdLeftLfe; // left LFE
        case SND_CHMAP_RLFE:    return SoundIoChannelIdRightLfe; // right LFE
        case SND_CHMAP_BC:      return SoundIoChannelIdBottomCenter; // bottom center
        case SND_CHMAP_BLC:     return SoundIoChannelIdBottomLeftCenter; // bottom left center
        case SND_CHMAP_BRC:     return SoundIoChannelIdBottomRightCenter; // bottom right center
    }
    return SoundIoChannelIdInvalid;
}

static int to_alsa_chmap_pos(SoundIoChannelId channel_id) {
    switch (channel_id) {
        case SoundIoChannelIdFrontLeft:             return SND_CHMAP_FL;
        case SoundIoChannelIdFrontRight:            return SND_CHMAP_FR;
        case SoundIoChannelIdBackLeft:              return SND_CHMAP_RL;
        case SoundIoChannelIdBackRight:             return SND_CHMAP_RR;
        case SoundIoChannelIdFrontCenter:           return SND_CHMAP_FC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdLfe:                   return SND_CHMAP_LFE;
        case SoundIoChannelIdSideLeft:              return SND_CHMAP_SL;
        case SoundIoChannelIdSideRight:             return SND_CHMAP_SR;
        case SoundIoChannelIdBackCenter:            return SND_CHMAP_RC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdFrontLeftCenter:       return SND_CHMAP_FLC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdFrontRightCenter:      return SND_CHMAP_FRC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdBackLeftCenter:        return SND_CHMAP_RLC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdBackRightCenter:       return SND_CHMAP_RRC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdFrontLeftWide:         return SND_CHMAP_FLW;
        case SoundIoChannelIdFrontRightWide:        return SND_CHMAP_FRW;
        case SoundIoChannelIdFrontLeftHigh:         return SND_CHMAP_FLH;
        case SoundIoChannelIdFrontCenterHigh:       return SND_CHMAP_FCH;
        case SoundIoChannelIdFrontRightHigh:        return SND_CHMAP_FRH;
        case SoundIoChannelIdTopCenter:             return SND_CHMAP_TC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdTopFrontLeft:          return SND_CHMAP_TFL;
        case SoundIoChannelIdTopFrontRight:         return SND_CHMAP_TFR;
        case SoundIoChannelIdTopFrontCenter:        return SND_CHMAP_TFC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdTopBackLeft:           return SND_CHMAP_TRL;
        case SoundIoChannelIdTopBackRight:          return SND_CHMAP_TRR;
        case SoundIoChannelIdTopBackCenter:         return SND_CHMAP_TRC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdTopFrontLeftCenter:    return SND_CHMAP_TFLC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdTopFrontRightCenter:   return SND_CHMAP_TFRC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdTopSideLeft:           return SND_CHMAP_TSL;
        case SoundIoChannelIdTopSideRight:          return SND_CHMAP_TSR;
        case SoundIoChannelIdLeftLfe:               return SND_CHMAP_LLFE;
        case SoundIoChannelIdRightLfe:              return SND_CHMAP_RLFE;
        case SoundIoChannelIdBottomCenter:          return SND_CHMAP_BC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdBottomLeftCenter:      return SND_CHMAP_BLC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdBottomRightCenter:     return SND_CHMAP_BRC;
        case SoundIoChannelIdInvalid:               return SND_CHMAP_UNKNOWN;
    }
    return SND_CHMAP_UNKNOWN;
}

static void get_channel_layout(SoundIoChannelLayout *dest, snd_pcm_chmap_t *chmap) {
    int channel_count = min((unsigned int)SOUNDIO_MAX_CHANNELS, chmap->channels);
    dest->channel_count = channel_count;
    for (int i = 0; i < channel_count; i += 1) {
        dest->channels[i] = from_alsa_chmap_pos(chmap->pos[i]);
    }
    soundio_channel_layout_detect_builtin(dest);
}

static int handle_channel_maps(SoundIoDevice *device, snd_pcm_chmap_query_t **maps) {
    if (!maps)
        return 0;

    snd_pcm_chmap_query_t **p;
    snd_pcm_chmap_query_t *v;

    // one iteration to count
    int layout_count = 0;
    for (p = maps; (v = *p) && layout_count < SOUNDIO_MAX_CHANNELS; p += 1, layout_count += 1) { }
    device->layouts = allocate<SoundIoChannelLayout>(layout_count);
    if (!device->layouts) {
        snd_pcm_free_chmaps(maps);
        return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
    }
    device->layout_count = layout_count;

    // iterate again to collect data
    int layout_index;
    for (p = maps, layout_index = 0;
        (v = *p) && layout_index < layout_count;
        p += 1, layout_index += 1)
    {
        get_channel_layout(&device->layouts[layout_index], &v->map);
    }
    snd_pcm_free_chmaps(maps);

    return 0;
}

static snd_pcm_format_t to_alsa_fmt(SoundIoFormat fmt) {
    switch (fmt) {
    case SoundIoFormatS8:           return SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8;
    case SoundIoFormatU8:           return SND_PCM_FORMAT_U8;
    case SoundIoFormatS16LE:        return SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE;
    case SoundIoFormatS16BE:        return SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_BE;
    case SoundIoFormatU16LE:        return SND_PCM_FORMAT_U16_LE;
    case SoundIoFormatU16BE:        return SND_PCM_FORMAT_U16_BE;
    case SoundIoFormatS24LE:        return SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24_LE;
    case SoundIoFormatS24BE:        return SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24_BE;
    case SoundIoFormatU24LE:        return SND_PCM_FORMAT_U24_LE;
    case SoundIoFormatU24BE:        return SND_PCM_FORMAT_U24_BE;
    case SoundIoFormatS32LE:        return SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32_LE;
    case SoundIoFormatS32BE:        return SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32_BE;
    case SoundIoFormatU32LE:        return SND_PCM_FORMAT_U32_LE;
    case SoundIoFormatU32BE:        return SND_PCM_FORMAT_U32_BE;
    case SoundIoFormatFloat32LE:    return SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT_LE;
    case SoundIoFormatFloat32BE:    return SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT_BE;
    case SoundIoFormatFloat64LE:    return SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64_LE;
    case SoundIoFormatFloat64BE:    return SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64_BE;

    case SoundIoFormatInvalid:
        return SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
    }
    return SND_PCM_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
}

static void test_fmt_mask(SoundIoDevice *device, const snd_pcm_format_mask_t *fmt_mask, SoundIoFormat fmt) {
    if (snd_pcm_format_mask_test(fmt_mask, to_alsa_fmt(fmt))) {
        device->formats[device->format_count] = fmt;
        device->format_count += 1;
    }
}

static int set_access(snd_pcm_t *handle, snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwparams, snd_pcm_access_t *out_access) {
    for (int i = 0; i < array_length(prioritized_access_types); i += 1) {
        snd_pcm_access_t access = prioritized_access_types[i];
        int err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_access(handle, hwparams, access);
        if (err >= 0) {
            if (out_access)
                *out_access = access;
            return 0;
        }
    }
    return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
}

// this function does not override device->formats, so if you want it to, deallocate and set it to NULL
static int probe_open_device(SoundIoDevice *device, snd_pcm_t *handle, int resample,
        int *out_channels_min, int *out_channels_max)
{
    int err;

    snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwparams;
    snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(&hwparams);

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_any(handle, hwparams)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_resample(handle, hwparams, resample)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;

    if ((err = set_access(handle, hwparams, nullptr)))
        return err;

    unsigned int channels_min;
    unsigned int channels_max;

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_channels_min(hwparams, &channels_min)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels_last(handle, hwparams, &channels_max)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;

    *out_channels_min = channels_min;
    *out_channels_max = channels_max;

    unsigned int rate_min;
    unsigned int rate_max;

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_rate_min(hwparams, &rate_min, nullptr)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_last(handle, hwparams, &rate_max, nullptr)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;

    device->sample_rate_min = rate_min;
    device->sample_rate_max = rate_max;

    double one_over_actual_rate = 1.0 / (double)rate_max;

    // Purposefully leave the parameters with the highest rate, highest channel count.

    snd_pcm_uframes_t min_frames;
    snd_pcm_uframes_t max_frames;

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_integer(handle, hwparams)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice;

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_min(hwparams, &min_frames, nullptr)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice;

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size_max(hwparams, &max_frames, nullptr)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice;

    device->period_duration_min = min_frames * one_over_actual_rate;
    device->period_duration_max = max_frames * one_over_actual_rate;

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_first(handle, hwparams, &min_frames, nullptr)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice;


    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size_min(hwparams, &min_frames)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_get_buffer_size_max(hwparams, &max_frames)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;

    device->buffer_duration_min = min_frames * one_over_actual_rate;
    device->buffer_duration_max = max_frames * one_over_actual_rate;

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_first(handle, hwparams, &min_frames)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;


    snd_pcm_format_mask_t *fmt_mask;
    snd_pcm_format_mask_alloca(&fmt_mask);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_none(fmt_mask);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S8);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_U8);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_LE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S16_BE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_U16_LE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_U16_BE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24_LE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S24_BE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_U24_LE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_U24_BE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32_LE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_S32_BE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_U32_LE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_U32_BE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT_LE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT_BE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64_LE);
    snd_pcm_format_mask_set(fmt_mask, SND_PCM_FORMAT_FLOAT64_BE);

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format_mask(handle, hwparams, fmt_mask)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;

    if (!device->formats) {
        snd_pcm_hw_params_get_format_mask(hwparams, fmt_mask);
        device->formats = allocate<SoundIoFormat>(18);
        if (!device->formats)
            return SoundIoErrorNoMem;

        device->format_count = 0;
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatS8);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatU8);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatS16LE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatS16BE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatU16LE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatU16BE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatS24LE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatS24BE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatU24LE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatU24BE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatS32LE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatS32BE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatU32LE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatU32BE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatFloat32LE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatFloat32BE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatFloat64LE);
        test_fmt_mask(device, fmt_mask, SoundIoFormatFloat64BE);
    }

    return 0;
}

static int probe_device(SoundIoDevice *device, snd_pcm_chmap_query_t **maps) {
    int err;
    snd_pcm_t *handle;

    snd_pcm_stream_t stream = purpose_to_stream(device->purpose);

    if ((err = snd_pcm_open(&handle, device->name, stream, 0)) < 0) {
        handle_channel_maps(device, maps);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    int channels_min, channels_max;
    if ((err = probe_open_device(device, handle, 0, &channels_min, &channels_max))) {
        handle_channel_maps(device, maps);
        snd_pcm_close(handle);
        return err;
    }

    if (!maps) {
        maps = snd_pcm_query_chmaps(handle);
        if (!maps) {
            // device gave us no channel maps. we're forced to conclude that
            // the min and max channel counts are correct.
            int layout_count = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < soundio_channel_layout_builtin_count(); i += 1) {
                const SoundIoChannelLayout *layout = soundio_channel_layout_get_builtin(i);
                if (layout->channel_count >= channels_min && layout->channel_count <= channels_max) {
                    layout_count += 1;
                }
            }
            device->layout_count = layout_count;
            device->layouts = allocate<SoundIoChannelLayout>(device->layout_count);
            if (!device->layouts) {
                snd_pcm_close(handle);
                return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
            }
            int layout_index = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < soundio_channel_layout_builtin_count(); i += 1) {
                const SoundIoChannelLayout *layout = soundio_channel_layout_get_builtin(i);
                if (layout->channel_count >= channels_min && layout->channel_count <= channels_max) {
                    device->layouts[layout_index++] = *soundio_channel_layout_get_builtin(i);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    snd_pcm_chmap_t *chmap = snd_pcm_get_chmap(handle);
    if (chmap) {
        get_channel_layout(&device->current_layout, chmap);
        free(chmap);
    }
    if ((err = handle_channel_maps(device, maps))) {
        snd_pcm_close(handle);
        return err;
    }
    maps = nullptr;

    if (!device->is_raw) {
        if (device->sample_rate_min == device->sample_rate_max)
            device->sample_rate_current = device->sample_rate_min;

        if (device->buffer_duration_min == device->buffer_duration_max)
            device->buffer_duration_current = device->buffer_duration_min;

        if (device->period_duration_min == device->period_duration_max)
            device->period_duration_current = device->period_duration_min;

        // now say that resampling is OK and see what the real min and max is.
        if ((err = probe_open_device(device, handle, 1, &channels_min, &channels_max)) < 0) {
            snd_pcm_close(handle);
            return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
        }
    }

    snd_pcm_close(handle);
    return 0;
}

static inline bool str_has_prefix(const char *big_str, const char *prefix) {
    return strncmp(big_str, prefix, strlen(prefix)) == 0;
}

static int refresh_devices(SoundIoPrivate *si) {
    SoundIo *soundio = &si->pub;
    SoundIoAlsa *sia = &si->backend_data.alsa;

    SoundIoDevicesInfo *devices_info = create<SoundIoDevicesInfo>();
    if (!devices_info)
        return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
    devices_info->default_output_index = -1;
    devices_info->default_input_index = -1;

    void **hints;
    if (snd_device_name_hint(-1, "pcm", &hints) < 0) {
        destroy(devices_info);
        return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
    }

    for (void **hint_ptr = hints; *hint_ptr; hint_ptr += 1) {
        char *name = snd_device_name_get_hint(*hint_ptr, "NAME");
        // null - libsoundio has its own dummy backend. API clients should use
        // that instead of alsa null device.
        if (strcmp(name, "null") == 0 ||
            // sysdefault is confusing - the name and description is identical
            // to default, and my best guess for what it does is ignore ~/.asoundrc
            // which is just an accident waiting to happen.
            str_has_prefix(name, "sysdefault:") ||
            // all these surround devices are clutter
            str_has_prefix(name, "front:") ||
            str_has_prefix(name, "surround21:") ||
            str_has_prefix(name, "surround40:") ||
            str_has_prefix(name, "surround41:") ||
            str_has_prefix(name, "surround50:") ||
            str_has_prefix(name, "surround51:") ||
            str_has_prefix(name, "surround71:"))
        {
            free(name);
            continue;
        }

        char *descr = snd_device_name_get_hint(*hint_ptr, "DESC");
        char *descr1 = str_partition_on_char(descr, '\n');

        char *io = snd_device_name_get_hint(*hint_ptr, "IOID");
        bool is_playback;
        bool is_capture;
        if (io) {
            if (strcmp(io, "Input") == 0) {
                is_playback = false;
                is_capture = true;
            } else if (strcmp(io, "Output") == 0) {
                is_playback = true;
                is_capture = false;
            } else {
                soundio_panic("invalid io hint value");
            }
            free(io);
        } else {
            is_playback = true;
            is_capture = true;
        }

        for (int stream_type_i = 0; stream_type_i < array_length(stream_types); stream_type_i += 1) {
            snd_pcm_stream_t stream = stream_types[stream_type_i];
            if (stream == SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK && !is_playback) continue;
            if (stream == SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE && !is_capture) continue;
            if (stream == SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE && descr1 &&
                (strstr(descr1, "Output") || strstr(descr1, "output")))
            {
                continue;
            }


            SoundIoDevicePrivate *dev = create<SoundIoDevicePrivate>();
            if (!dev) {
                free(name);
                free(descr);
                destroy(devices_info);
                snd_device_name_free_hint(hints);
                return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
            }
            SoundIoDevice *device = &dev->pub;
            device->ref_count = 1;
            device->soundio = soundio;
            device->is_raw = false;
            device->name = strdup(name);
            device->description = descr1 ?
                soundio_alloc_sprintf(nullptr, "%s: %s", descr, descr1) : strdup(descr);

            if (!device->name || !device->description) {
                soundio_device_unref(device);
                free(name);
                free(descr);
                destroy(devices_info);
                snd_device_name_free_hint(hints);
                return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
            }

            SoundIoList<SoundIoDevice *> *device_list;
            if (stream == SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK) {
                device->purpose = SoundIoDevicePurposeOutput;
                device_list = &devices_info->output_devices;
                if (devices_info->default_output_index < 0 && str_has_prefix(name, "default:"))
                    devices_info->default_output_index = device_list->length;
            } else {
                assert(stream == SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE);
                device->purpose = SoundIoDevicePurposeInput;
                device_list = &devices_info->input_devices;
                if (devices_info->default_input_index < 0 && str_has_prefix(name, "default:"))
                    devices_info->default_input_index = device_list->length;
            }

            device->probe_error = probe_device(device, nullptr);

            if (device_list->append(device)) {
                soundio_device_unref(device);
                free(name);
                free(descr);
                destroy(devices_info);
                snd_device_name_free_hint(hints);
                return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
            }
        }

        free(name);
        free(descr);
    }

    snd_device_name_free_hint(hints);

    int card_index = -1;

    if (snd_card_next(&card_index) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorSystemResources;

    snd_ctl_card_info_t *card_info;
    snd_ctl_card_info_alloca(&card_info);

    snd_pcm_info_t *pcm_info;
    snd_pcm_info_alloca(&pcm_info);

    while (card_index >= 0) {
        int err;
        snd_ctl_t *handle;
        char name[32];
        sprintf(name, "hw:%d", card_index);
        if ((err = snd_ctl_open(&handle, name, 0)) < 0) {
            if (err == -ENOENT) {
                break;
            } else {
                destroy(devices_info);
                return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
            }
        }

        if ((err = snd_ctl_card_info(handle, card_info)) < 0) {
            snd_ctl_close(handle);
            destroy(devices_info);
            return SoundIoErrorSystemResources;
        }
        const char *card_name = snd_ctl_card_info_get_name(card_info);

        int device_index = -1;
        for (;;) {
            if (snd_ctl_pcm_next_device(handle, &device_index) < 0) {
                snd_ctl_close(handle);
                destroy(devices_info);
                return SoundIoErrorSystemResources;
            }
            if (device_index < 0)
                break;

            snd_pcm_info_set_device(pcm_info, device_index);
            snd_pcm_info_set_subdevice(pcm_info, 0);

            for (int stream_type_i = 0; stream_type_i < array_length(stream_types); stream_type_i += 1) {
                snd_pcm_stream_t stream = stream_types[stream_type_i];
                snd_pcm_info_set_stream(pcm_info, stream);

                if ((err = snd_ctl_pcm_info(handle, pcm_info)) < 0) {
                    if (err == -ENOENT) {
                        continue;
                    } else {
                        snd_ctl_close(handle);
                        destroy(devices_info);
                        return SoundIoErrorSystemResources;
                    }
                }

                const char *device_name = snd_pcm_info_get_name(pcm_info);

                SoundIoDevicePrivate *dev = create<SoundIoDevicePrivate>();
                if (!dev) {
                    snd_ctl_close(handle);
                    destroy(devices_info);
                    return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
                }
                SoundIoDevice *device = &dev->pub;
                device->ref_count = 1;
                device->soundio = soundio;
                device->name = soundio_alloc_sprintf(nullptr, "hw:%d,%d", card_index, device_index);
                device->description = soundio_alloc_sprintf(nullptr, "%s %s", card_name, device_name);
                device->is_raw = true;

                if (!device->name || !device->description) {
                    soundio_device_unref(device);
                    snd_ctl_close(handle);
                    destroy(devices_info);
                    return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
                }

                SoundIoList<SoundIoDevice *> *device_list;
                if (stream == SND_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK) {
                    device->purpose = SoundIoDevicePurposeOutput;
                    device_list = &devices_info->output_devices;
                } else {
                    assert(stream == SND_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE);
                    device->purpose = SoundIoDevicePurposeInput;
                    device_list = &devices_info->input_devices;
                }

                snd_pcm_chmap_query_t **maps = snd_pcm_query_chmaps_from_hw(card_index, device_index, -1, stream);
                device->probe_error = probe_device(device, maps);

                if (device_list->append(device)) {
                    soundio_device_unref(device);
                    destroy(devices_info);
                    return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
                }
            }
        }
        snd_ctl_close(handle);
        if (snd_card_next(&card_index) < 0) {
            destroy(devices_info);
            return SoundIoErrorSystemResources;
        }
    }

    soundio_os_mutex_lock(sia->mutex);
    soundio_destroy_devices_info(sia->ready_devices_info);
    sia->ready_devices_info = devices_info;
    sia->have_devices_flag.store(true);
    soundio_os_cond_signal(sia->cond, sia->mutex);
    soundio->on_events_signal(soundio);
    soundio_os_mutex_unlock(sia->mutex);
    return 0;
}

static void device_thread_run(void *arg) {
    SoundIoPrivate *si = (SoundIoPrivate *)arg;
    SoundIoAlsa *sia = &si->backend_data.alsa;

    // Some systems cannot read integer variables if they are not
    // properly aligned. On other systems, incorrect alignment may
    // decrease performance. Hence, the buffer used for reading from
    // the inotify file descriptor should have the same alignment as
    // struct inotify_event.
    char buf[4096] __attribute__ ((aligned(__alignof__(struct inotify_event))));
    const struct inotify_event *event;

    struct pollfd fds[2];
    fds[0].fd = sia->notify_fd;
    fds[0].events = POLLIN;

    fds[1].fd = sia->notify_pipe_fd[0];
    fds[1].events = POLLIN;

    int err;
    for (;;) {
        int poll_num = poll(fds, 2, -1);
        if (!sia->abort_flag.test_and_set())
            break;
        if (poll_num == -1) {
            if (errno == EINTR)
                continue;
            assert(errno != EFAULT);
            assert(errno != EFAULT);
            assert(errno != EINVAL);
            assert(errno == ENOMEM);
            soundio_panic("kernel ran out of polling memory");
        }
        if (poll_num <= 0)
            continue;
        bool got_rescan_event = false;
        if (fds[0].revents & POLLIN) {
            for (;;) {
                ssize_t len = read(sia->notify_fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
                if (len == -1) {
                    assert(errno != EBADF);
                    assert(errno != EFAULT);
                    assert(errno != EINVAL);
                    assert(errno != EIO);
                    assert(errno != EISDIR);
                }

                // catches EINTR and EAGAIN
                if (len <= 0)
                    break;

                // loop over all events in the buffer
                for (char *ptr = buf; ptr < buf + len; ptr += sizeof(struct inotify_event) + event->len) {
                    event = (const struct inotify_event *) ptr;

                    if (!((event->mask & IN_CREATE) || (event->mask & IN_DELETE)))
                        continue;
                    if (event->mask & IN_ISDIR)
                        continue;
                    if (!event->len || event->len < 8)
                        continue;
                    if (event->name[0] != 'p' ||
                        event->name[1] != 'c' ||
                        event->name[2] != 'm')
                    {
                        continue;
                    }
                    got_rescan_event = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        if (fds[1].revents & POLLIN) {
            got_rescan_event = true;
            for (;;) {
                ssize_t len = read(sia->notify_pipe_fd[0], buf, sizeof(buf));
                if (len == -1) {
                    assert(errno != EBADF);
                    assert(errno != EFAULT);
                    assert(errno != EINVAL);
                    assert(errno != EIO);
                    assert(errno != EISDIR);
                }
                if (len <= 0)
                    break;
            }
        }
        if (got_rescan_event) {
            if ((err = refresh_devices(si)))
                soundio_panic("error refreshing devices: %s", soundio_strerror(err));
        }
    }
}

static void block_until_have_devices(SoundIoAlsa *sia) {
    if (sia->have_devices_flag.load())
        return;
    soundio_os_mutex_lock(sia->mutex);
    while (!sia->have_devices_flag.load())
        soundio_os_cond_wait(sia->cond, sia->mutex);
    soundio_os_mutex_unlock(sia->mutex);
}

static void flush_events(SoundIoPrivate *si) {
    SoundIo *soundio = &si->pub;
    SoundIoAlsa *sia = &si->backend_data.alsa;
    block_until_have_devices(sia);

    bool change = false;
    SoundIoDevicesInfo *old_devices_info = nullptr;

    soundio_os_mutex_lock(sia->mutex);

    if (sia->ready_devices_info) {
        old_devices_info = si->safe_devices_info;
        si->safe_devices_info = sia->ready_devices_info;
        sia->ready_devices_info = nullptr;
        change = true;
    }

    soundio_os_mutex_unlock(sia->mutex);

    if (change)
        soundio->on_devices_change(soundio);

    soundio_destroy_devices_info(old_devices_info);
}

static void wait_events(SoundIoPrivate *si) {
    SoundIoAlsa *sia = &si->backend_data.alsa;
    flush_events(si);
    soundio_os_mutex_lock(sia->mutex);
    soundio_os_cond_wait(sia->cond, sia->mutex);
    soundio_os_mutex_unlock(sia->mutex);
}

static void wakeup(SoundIoPrivate *si) {
    SoundIoAlsa *sia = &si->backend_data.alsa;
    soundio_os_mutex_lock(sia->mutex);
    soundio_os_cond_signal(sia->cond, sia->mutex);
    soundio_os_mutex_unlock(sia->mutex);
}

static void outstream_destroy_alsa(SoundIoPrivate *si, SoundIoOutStreamPrivate *os) {
    SoundIoOutStreamAlsa *osa = &os->backend_data.alsa;

    if (osa->thread) {
        osa->thread_exit_flag.clear();
        soundio_os_thread_destroy(osa->thread);
    }

    if (osa->handle)
        snd_pcm_close(osa->handle);

    deallocate(osa->poll_fds, osa->poll_fd_count);

    deallocate(osa->chmap, osa->chmap_size);

    deallocate(osa->sample_buffer, osa->sample_buffer_size);
}

static int xrun_recovery(SoundIoOutStreamPrivate *os, int err) {
    SoundIoOutStream *outstream = &os->pub;
    SoundIoOutStreamAlsa *osa = &os->backend_data.alsa;
    if (err == -EPIPE) {
        err = snd_pcm_prepare(osa->handle);
        if (err >= 0)
            outstream->underflow_callback(outstream);
    } else if (err == -ESTRPIPE) {
        while ((err = snd_pcm_resume(osa->handle)) == -EAGAIN) {
            // wait until suspend flag is released
            poll(nullptr, 0, 1);
        }
        if (err < 0)
            err = snd_pcm_prepare(osa->handle);
        if (err >= 0)
            outstream->underflow_callback(outstream);
    }
    return err;
}

static int instream_xrun_recovery(SoundIoInStreamPrivate *is, int err) {
    SoundIoInStreamAlsa *isa = &is->backend_data.alsa;
    // TODO do something with this overflow
    if (err == -EPIPE) {
        err = snd_pcm_prepare(isa->handle);
    } else if (err == -ESTRPIPE) {
        while ((err = snd_pcm_resume(isa->handle)) == -EAGAIN) {
            // wait until suspend flag is released
            poll(nullptr, 0, 1);
        }
        if (err < 0)
            err = snd_pcm_prepare(isa->handle);
    }
    return err;
}

static int wait_for_poll(SoundIoOutStreamAlsa *osa) {
    int err;
    unsigned short revents;
    for (;;) {
        if ((err = poll(osa->poll_fds, osa->poll_fd_count, -1)) < 0)
            return err;
        if ((err = snd_pcm_poll_descriptors_revents(osa->handle,
                        osa->poll_fds, osa->poll_fd_count, &revents)) < 0)
        {
            return err;
        }
        if (revents & POLLERR)
            return -EIO;
        if (revents & POLLOUT)
            return 0;
    }
}

static int instream_wait_for_poll(SoundIoInStreamAlsa *isa) {
    int err;
    unsigned short revents;
    for (;;) {
        if ((err = poll(isa->poll_fds, isa->poll_fd_count, -1)) < 0)
            return err;
        if ((err = snd_pcm_poll_descriptors_revents(isa->handle,
                        isa->poll_fds, isa->poll_fd_count, &revents)) < 0)
        {
            return err;
        }
        if (revents & POLLERR)
            return -EIO;
        if (revents & POLLIN)
            return 0;
    }
}

void outstream_thread_run(void *arg) {
    SoundIoOutStreamPrivate *os = (SoundIoOutStreamPrivate *) arg;
    SoundIoOutStream *outstream = &os->pub;
    SoundIoOutStreamAlsa *osa = &os->backend_data.alsa;

    int err;

    for (;;) {
        snd_pcm_state_t state = snd_pcm_state(osa->handle);
        switch (state) {
            case SND_PCM_STATE_SETUP:
                if ((err = snd_pcm_prepare(osa->handle)) < 0) {
                    outstream->error_callback(outstream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                    return;
                }
                continue;
            case SND_PCM_STATE_PREPARED:
            {
                if ((err = snd_pcm_start(osa->handle)) < 0) {
                    outstream->error_callback(outstream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                    return;
                }
                continue;
            }
            case SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING:
            {
                if ((err = wait_for_poll(osa)) < 0) {
                    if (!osa->thread_exit_flag.test_and_set())
                        return;
                    outstream->error_callback(outstream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                    return;
                }
                if (!osa->thread_exit_flag.test_and_set())
                    return;

                snd_pcm_sframes_t avail = snd_pcm_avail_update(osa->handle);
                if (avail < 0) {
                    if ((err = xrun_recovery(os, avail)) < 0) {
                        outstream->error_callback(outstream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                        return;
                    }
                    continue;
                }

                outstream->write_callback(outstream, avail);
                continue;
            }
            case SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN:
                if ((err = xrun_recovery(os, -EPIPE)) < 0) {
                    outstream->error_callback(outstream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                    return;
                }
                continue;
            case SND_PCM_STATE_SUSPENDED:
                if ((err = xrun_recovery(os, -ESTRPIPE)) < 0) {
                    outstream->error_callback(outstream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                    return;
                }
                continue;
            case SND_PCM_STATE_OPEN:
            case SND_PCM_STATE_DRAINING:
            case SND_PCM_STATE_PAUSED:
            case SND_PCM_STATE_DISCONNECTED:
                outstream->error_callback(outstream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                return;
        }
    }
}

static void instream_thread_run(void *arg) {
    SoundIoInStreamPrivate *is = (SoundIoInStreamPrivate *) arg;
    SoundIoInStream *instream = &is->pub;
    SoundIoInStreamAlsa *isa = &is->backend_data.alsa;

    int err;

    for (;;) {
        snd_pcm_state_t state = snd_pcm_state(isa->handle);
        switch (state) {
            case SND_PCM_STATE_SETUP:
                if ((err = snd_pcm_prepare(isa->handle)) < 0) {
                    instream->error_callback(instream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                    return;
                }
                continue;
            case SND_PCM_STATE_PREPARED:
                if ((err = snd_pcm_start(isa->handle)) < 0) {
                    instream->error_callback(instream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                    return;
                }
                continue;
            case SND_PCM_STATE_RUNNING:
            {
                if ((err = instream_wait_for_poll(isa)) < 0) {
                    if (!isa->thread_exit_flag.test_and_set())
                        return;
                    instream->error_callback(instream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                    return;
                }
                if (!isa->thread_exit_flag.test_and_set())
                    return;

                snd_pcm_sframes_t avail = snd_pcm_avail_update(isa->handle);
                if (avail < 0) {
                    if ((err = instream_xrun_recovery(is, avail)) < 0) {
                        instream->error_callback(instream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                        return;
                    }
                    continue;
                }

                instream->read_callback(instream, avail);
                continue;
            }
            case SND_PCM_STATE_XRUN:
                if ((err = instream_xrun_recovery(is, -EPIPE)) < 0) {
                    instream->error_callback(instream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                    return;
                }
                continue;
            case SND_PCM_STATE_SUSPENDED:
                if ((err = instream_xrun_recovery(is, -ESTRPIPE)) < 0) {
                    instream->error_callback(instream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                    return;
                }
                continue;
            case SND_PCM_STATE_OPEN:
            case SND_PCM_STATE_DRAINING:
            case SND_PCM_STATE_PAUSED:
            case SND_PCM_STATE_DISCONNECTED:
                instream->error_callback(instream, SoundIoErrorStreaming);
                return;
        }
    }
}

static int outstream_open_alsa(SoundIoPrivate *si, SoundIoOutStreamPrivate *os) {
    SoundIoOutStreamAlsa *osa = &os->backend_data.alsa;
    SoundIoOutStream *outstream = &os->pub;
    SoundIoDevice *device = outstream->device;

    if (outstream->buffer_duration == 0.0)
        outstream->buffer_duration = clamp(device->buffer_duration_min, 1.0, device->buffer_duration_max);
    if (outstream->period_duration == 0.0) {
        outstream->period_duration = clamp(device->period_duration_min,
                outstream->buffer_duration / 2.0, device->period_duration_max);
    }
    if (outstream->prebuf_duration == -1.0)
        outstream->prebuf_duration = outstream->buffer_duration;

    int ch_count = outstream->layout.channel_count;

    osa->chmap_size = sizeof(int) + sizeof(int) * ch_count;
    osa->chmap = (snd_pcm_chmap_t *)allocate<char>(osa->chmap_size);
    if (!osa->chmap) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
    }

    int err;

    snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwparams;
    snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(&hwparams);

    snd_pcm_stream_t stream = purpose_to_stream(outstream->device->purpose);

    if ((err = snd_pcm_open(&osa->handle, outstream->device->name, stream, 0)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_any(osa->handle, hwparams)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    int want_resample = !outstream->device->is_raw;
    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_resample(osa->handle, hwparams, want_resample)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    if ((err = set_access(osa->handle, hwparams, &osa->access))) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return err;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(osa->handle, hwparams, ch_count)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate(osa->handle, hwparams, outstream->sample_rate, 0)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    snd_pcm_format_t format = to_alsa_fmt(outstream->format);
    int phys_bits_per_sample = snd_pcm_format_physical_width(format);
    if (phys_bits_per_sample % 8 != 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice;
    }
    int phys_bytes_per_sample = phys_bits_per_sample / 8;
    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(osa->handle, hwparams, format)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    snd_pcm_uframes_t period_frames = ceil(outstream->period_duration * (double)outstream->sample_rate);
    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(osa->handle, hwparams, &period_frames, nullptr)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }
    outstream->period_duration = ((double)period_frames) / (double)outstream->sample_rate;


    snd_pcm_uframes_t buffer_size_frames = ceil(outstream->buffer_duration * (double)outstream->sample_rate);

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near(osa->handle, hwparams, &buffer_size_frames)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }
    outstream->buffer_duration = ((double)buffer_size_frames) / (double)outstream->sample_rate;



    snd_pcm_uframes_t period_size;
    if ((snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(hwparams, &period_size, nullptr)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }
    osa->period_size = period_size;

    // write the hardware parameters to device
    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params(osa->handle, hwparams)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return (err == -EINVAL) ? SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice : SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    // set channel map
    osa->chmap->channels = ch_count;
    for (int i = 0; i < ch_count; i += 1) {
        osa->chmap->pos[i] = to_alsa_chmap_pos(outstream->layout.channels[i]);
    }
    if ((err = snd_pcm_set_chmap(osa->handle, osa->chmap)) < 0)
        outstream->layout_error = SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice;

    // get current swparams
    snd_pcm_sw_params_t *swparams;
    snd_pcm_sw_params_alloca(&swparams);

    if ((err = snd_pcm_sw_params_current(osa->handle, swparams)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    snd_pcm_uframes_t prebuf_frames = ceil(outstream->prebuf_duration * (double)outstream->sample_rate);
    if ((err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_start_threshold(osa->handle, swparams, prebuf_frames)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_sw_params_set_avail_min(osa->handle, swparams, osa->period_size)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    // write the software parameters to device
    if ((err = snd_pcm_sw_params(osa->handle, swparams)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return (err == -EINVAL) ? SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice : SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    if (osa->access == SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED || osa->access == SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED) {
        osa->sample_buffer_size = ch_count * osa->period_size * phys_bytes_per_sample;
        osa->sample_buffer = allocate_nonzero<char>(osa->sample_buffer_size);
        if (!osa->sample_buffer) {
            outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
            return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
        }
    }

    osa->poll_fd_count = snd_pcm_poll_descriptors_count(osa->handle);
    if (osa->poll_fd_count <= 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    osa->poll_fds = allocate<struct pollfd>(osa->poll_fd_count);
    if (!osa->poll_fds) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_poll_descriptors(osa->handle, osa->poll_fds, osa->poll_fd_count)) < 0) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    return 0;
}

static int outstream_start_alsa(SoundIoPrivate *si, SoundIoOutStreamPrivate *os) {
    SoundIoOutStreamAlsa *osa = &os->backend_data.alsa;

    assert(!osa->thread);

    osa->thread_exit_flag.test_and_set();
    int err;
    if ((err = soundio_os_thread_create(outstream_thread_run, os, true, &osa->thread))) {
        outstream_destroy_alsa(si, os);
        return err;
    }

    return 0;
}

int outstream_begin_write_alsa(SoundIoPrivate *si, SoundIoOutStreamPrivate *os,
        struct SoundIoChannelArea **out_areas, int *frame_count)
{
    *out_areas = nullptr;
    SoundIoOutStreamAlsa *osa = &os->backend_data.alsa;
    SoundIoOutStream *outstream = &os->pub;

    if (osa->access == SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED) {
        for (int ch = 0; ch < outstream->layout.channel_count; ch += 1) {
            osa->areas[ch].ptr = osa->sample_buffer + ch * outstream->bytes_per_sample;
            osa->areas[ch].step = outstream->bytes_per_frame;
        }

        *frame_count = min(*frame_count, osa->period_size);
    } else if (osa->access == SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED) {
        for (int ch = 0; ch < outstream->layout.channel_count; ch += 1) {
            osa->areas[ch].ptr = osa->sample_buffer + ch * outstream->bytes_per_sample * osa->period_size;
            osa->areas[ch].step = outstream->bytes_per_sample;
        }

        *frame_count = min(*frame_count, osa->period_size);
    } else {
        const snd_pcm_channel_area_t *areas;
        snd_pcm_uframes_t frames = *frame_count;
        int err;

        if ((err = snd_pcm_mmap_begin(osa->handle, &areas, &osa->offset, &frames)) < 0) {
            if ((err = xrun_recovery(os, err)) < 0)
                return SoundIoErrorStreaming;
        }

        for (int ch = 0; ch < outstream->layout.channel_count; ch += 1) {
            if ((areas[ch].first % 8 != 0) || (areas[ch].step % 8 != 0))
                return SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice;
            osa->areas[ch].step = areas[ch].step / 8;
            osa->areas[ch].ptr = ((char *)areas[ch].addr) + (areas[ch].first / 8) +
                (osa->areas[ch].step * osa->offset);
        }

        *frame_count = frames;
    }

    *out_areas = osa->areas;
    return 0;
}

static int outstream_end_write_alsa(SoundIoPrivate *si, SoundIoOutStreamPrivate *os, int frame_count) {
    SoundIoOutStreamAlsa *osa = &os->backend_data.alsa;
    SoundIoOutStream *outstream = &os->pub;

    snd_pcm_sframes_t commitres;
    if (osa->access == SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED) {
        commitres = snd_pcm_writei(osa->handle, osa->sample_buffer, frame_count);
    } else if (osa->access == SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED) {
        char *ptrs[SOUNDIO_MAX_CHANNELS];
        for (int ch = 0; ch < outstream->layout.channel_count; ch += 1) {
            ptrs[ch] = osa->sample_buffer + ch * outstream->bytes_per_sample * osa->period_size;
        }
        commitres = snd_pcm_writen(osa->handle, (void**)ptrs, frame_count);
    } else {
        commitres = snd_pcm_mmap_commit(osa->handle, osa->offset, frame_count);
    }

    if (commitres < 0 || commitres != frame_count) {
        int err = (commitres >= 0) ? -EPIPE : commitres;
        if ((err = xrun_recovery(os, err)) < 0)
            return SoundIoErrorStreaming;
    }

    return 0;
}

static int outstream_clear_buffer_alsa(SoundIoPrivate *si,
        SoundIoOutStreamPrivate *os)
{
    SoundIoOutStreamAlsa *osa = &os->backend_data.alsa;
    int err;
    if ((err = snd_pcm_reset(osa->handle)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorStreaming;
    return 0;
}

static int outstream_pause_alsa(struct SoundIoPrivate *si, struct SoundIoOutStreamPrivate *os, bool pause) {
    SoundIoOutStreamAlsa *osa = &os->backend_data.alsa;
    int err;
    if ((err = snd_pcm_pause(osa->handle, pause)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice;
    return 0;
}

static void instream_destroy_alsa(SoundIoPrivate *si, SoundIoInStreamPrivate *is) {
    SoundIoInStreamAlsa *isa = &is->backend_data.alsa;

    if (isa->thread) {
        isa->thread_exit_flag.clear();
        soundio_os_thread_destroy(isa->thread);
    }

    if (isa->handle)
        snd_pcm_close(isa->handle);

    deallocate(isa->poll_fds, isa->poll_fd_count);
    deallocate(isa->chmap, isa->chmap_size);
    deallocate(isa->sample_buffer, isa->sample_buffer_size);
}

static int instream_open_alsa(SoundIoPrivate *si, SoundIoInStreamPrivate *is) {
    SoundIoInStreamAlsa *isa = &is->backend_data.alsa;
    SoundIoInStream *instream = &is->pub;
    SoundIoDevice *device = instream->device;

    if (instream->buffer_duration == 0.0)
        instream->buffer_duration = clamp(device->buffer_duration_min, 1.0, device->buffer_duration_max);
    if (instream->period_duration == 0.0) {
        instream->period_duration = clamp(device->period_duration_min,
                instream->buffer_duration / 8.0, device->period_duration_max);
    }

    int ch_count = instream->layout.channel_count;

    isa->chmap_size = sizeof(int) + sizeof(int) * ch_count;
    isa->chmap = (snd_pcm_chmap_t *)allocate<char>(isa->chmap_size);
    if (!isa->chmap) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
    }

    int err;

    snd_pcm_hw_params_t *hwparams;
    snd_pcm_hw_params_alloca(&hwparams);

    snd_pcm_stream_t stream = purpose_to_stream(instream->device->purpose);

    if ((err = snd_pcm_open(&isa->handle, instream->device->name, stream, 0)) < 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_any(isa->handle, hwparams)) < 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    int want_resample = !instream->device->is_raw;
    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate_resample(isa->handle, hwparams, want_resample)) < 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    if ((err = set_access(isa->handle, hwparams, &isa->access))) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return err;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_channels(isa->handle, hwparams, ch_count)) < 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_rate(isa->handle, hwparams, instream->sample_rate, 0)) < 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    snd_pcm_format_t format = to_alsa_fmt(instream->format);
    int phys_bits_per_sample = snd_pcm_format_physical_width(format);
    if (phys_bits_per_sample % 8 != 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice;
    }
    int phys_bytes_per_sample = phys_bits_per_sample / 8;
    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_format(isa->handle, hwparams, format)) < 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    snd_pcm_uframes_t period_frames = ceil(instream->period_duration * (double)instream->sample_rate);
    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_period_size_near(isa->handle, hwparams, &period_frames, nullptr)) < 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }
    instream->period_duration = ((double)period_frames) / (double)instream->sample_rate;


    snd_pcm_uframes_t buffer_size_frames = ceil(instream->buffer_duration * (double)instream->sample_rate);

    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params_set_buffer_size_near(isa->handle, hwparams, &buffer_size_frames)) < 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }
    instream->buffer_duration = ((double)buffer_size_frames) / (double)instream->sample_rate;

    snd_pcm_uframes_t period_size;
    if ((snd_pcm_hw_params_get_period_size(hwparams, &period_size, nullptr)) < 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }
    isa->period_size = period_size;

    // write the hardware parameters to device
    if ((err = snd_pcm_hw_params(isa->handle, hwparams)) < 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return (err == -EINVAL) ? SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice : SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    // set channel map
    isa->chmap->channels = ch_count;
    for (int i = 0; i < ch_count; i += 1) {
        isa->chmap->pos[i] = to_alsa_chmap_pos(instream->layout.channels[i]);
    }
    if ((err = snd_pcm_set_chmap(isa->handle, isa->chmap)) < 0)
        instream->layout_error = SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice;

    // get current swparams
    snd_pcm_sw_params_t *swparams;
    snd_pcm_sw_params_alloca(&swparams);

    if ((err = snd_pcm_sw_params_current(isa->handle, swparams)) < 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    // write the software parameters to device
    if ((err = snd_pcm_sw_params(isa->handle, swparams)) < 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return (err == -EINVAL) ? SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice : SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    if (isa->access == SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED || isa->access == SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED) {
        isa->sample_buffer_size = ch_count * isa->period_size * phys_bytes_per_sample;
        isa->sample_buffer = allocate_nonzero<char>(isa->sample_buffer_size);
        if (!isa->sample_buffer) {
            instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
            return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
        }
    }

    isa->poll_fd_count = snd_pcm_poll_descriptors_count(isa->handle);
    if (isa->poll_fd_count <= 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    isa->poll_fds = allocate<struct pollfd>(isa->poll_fd_count);
    if (!isa->poll_fds) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
    }

    if ((err = snd_pcm_poll_descriptors(isa->handle, isa->poll_fds, isa->poll_fd_count)) < 0) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return SoundIoErrorOpeningDevice;
    }

    return 0;
}

static int instream_start_alsa(SoundIoPrivate *si, SoundIoInStreamPrivate *is) {
    SoundIoInStreamAlsa *isa = &is->backend_data.alsa;

    assert(!isa->thread);

    isa->thread_exit_flag.test_and_set();
    int err;
    if ((err = soundio_os_thread_create(instream_thread_run, is, true, &isa->thread))) {
        instream_destroy_alsa(si, is);
        return err;
    }

    return 0;
}

static int instream_begin_read_alsa(SoundIoPrivate *si,
        SoundIoInStreamPrivate *is, SoundIoChannelArea **out_areas, int *frame_count)
{
    *out_areas = nullptr;
    SoundIoInStreamAlsa *isa = &is->backend_data.alsa;
    SoundIoInStream *instream = &is->pub;

    if (isa->access == SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED) {
        for (int ch = 0; ch < instream->layout.channel_count; ch += 1) {
            isa->areas[ch].ptr = isa->sample_buffer + ch * instream->bytes_per_sample;
            isa->areas[ch].step = instream->bytes_per_frame;
        }

        isa->read_frame_count = min(*frame_count, isa->period_size);
        *frame_count = isa->read_frame_count;
        snd_pcm_sframes_t commitres = snd_pcm_readi(isa->handle, isa->sample_buffer, isa->read_frame_count);
        if (commitres < 0 || commitres != *frame_count) {
            int err = (commitres >= 0) ? -EPIPE : commitres;
            if ((err = instream_xrun_recovery(is, err)) < 0)
                return SoundIoErrorStreaming;
        }
    } else if (isa->access == SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED) {
        char *ptrs[SOUNDIO_MAX_CHANNELS];
        for (int ch = 0; ch < instream->layout.channel_count; ch += 1) {
            isa->areas[ch].ptr = isa->sample_buffer + ch * instream->bytes_per_sample * isa->period_size;
            isa->areas[ch].step = instream->bytes_per_sample;
            ptrs[ch] = isa->areas[ch].ptr;
        }

        isa->read_frame_count = min(*frame_count, isa->period_size);
        *frame_count = isa->read_frame_count;
        snd_pcm_sframes_t commitres = snd_pcm_readn(isa->handle, (void**)ptrs, isa->read_frame_count);
        if (commitres < 0 || commitres != *frame_count) {
            int err = (commitres >= 0) ? -EPIPE : commitres;
            if ((err = instream_xrun_recovery(is, err)) < 0)
                return SoundIoErrorStreaming;
        }
    } else {
        const snd_pcm_channel_area_t *areas;
        snd_pcm_uframes_t frames = *frame_count;
        int err;

        if ((err = snd_pcm_mmap_begin(isa->handle, &areas, &isa->offset, &frames)) < 0) {
            if ((err = instream_xrun_recovery(is, err)) < 0)
                return SoundIoErrorStreaming;
        }

        for (int ch = 0; ch < instream->layout.channel_count; ch += 1) {
            if ((areas[ch].first % 8 != 0) || (areas[ch].step % 8 != 0))
                return SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice;
            isa->areas[ch].step = areas[ch].step / 8;
            isa->areas[ch].ptr = ((char *)areas[ch].addr) + (areas[ch].first / 8) +
                (isa->areas[ch].step * isa->offset);
        }

        isa->read_frame_count = frames;
        *frame_count = isa->read_frame_count;
    }

    *out_areas = isa->areas;
    return 0;
}

static int instream_end_read_alsa(SoundIoPrivate *si, SoundIoInStreamPrivate *is) {
    SoundIoInStreamAlsa *isa = &is->backend_data.alsa;

    if (isa->access == SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_INTERLEAVED) {
        return 0;
    } else if (isa->access == SND_PCM_ACCESS_RW_NONINTERLEAVED) {
        return 0;
    } else {
        snd_pcm_sframes_t commitres = snd_pcm_mmap_commit(isa->handle, isa->offset, isa->read_frame_count);
        if (commitres < 0 || commitres != isa->read_frame_count) {
            int err = (commitres >= 0) ? -EPIPE : commitres;
            if ((err = instream_xrun_recovery(is, err)) < 0)
                return SoundIoErrorStreaming;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

static int instream_pause_alsa(struct SoundIoPrivate *si, struct SoundIoInStreamPrivate *is, bool pause) {
    SoundIoInStreamAlsa *isa = &is->backend_data.alsa;
    int err;
    if ((err = snd_pcm_pause(isa->handle, pause)) < 0)
        return SoundIoErrorIncompatibleDevice;
    return 0;
}

int soundio_alsa_init(SoundIoPrivate *si) {
    SoundIoAlsa *sia = &si->backend_data.alsa;
    int err;

    sia->notify_fd = -1;
    sia->notify_wd = -1;
    sia->have_devices_flag.store(false);
    sia->abort_flag.test_and_set();

    sia->mutex = soundio_os_mutex_create();
    if (!sia->mutex) {
        destroy_alsa(si);
        return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
    }

    sia->cond = soundio_os_cond_create();
    if (!sia->cond) {
        destroy_alsa(si);
        return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
    }


    // set up inotify to watch /dev/snd for devices added or removed
    sia->notify_fd = inotify_init1(IN_NONBLOCK);
    if (sia->notify_fd == -1) {
        err = errno;
        assert(err != EINVAL);
        destroy_alsa(si);
        if (err == EMFILE || err == ENFILE) {
            return SoundIoErrorSystemResources;
        } else {
            assert(err == ENOMEM);
            return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
        }
    }

    sia->notify_wd = inotify_add_watch(sia->notify_fd, "/dev/snd", IN_CREATE | IN_DELETE);
    if (sia->notify_wd == -1) {
        err = errno;
        assert(err != EACCES);
        assert(err != EBADF);
        assert(err != EFAULT);
        assert(err != EINVAL);
        assert(err != ENAMETOOLONG);
        assert(err != ENOENT);
        destroy_alsa(si);
        if (err == ENOSPC) {
            return SoundIoErrorSystemResources;
        } else {
            assert(err == ENOMEM);
            return SoundIoErrorNoMem;
        }
    }

    if (pipe2(sia->notify_pipe_fd, O_NONBLOCK)) {
        assert(errno != EFAULT);
        assert(errno != EINVAL);
        assert(errno == EMFILE || errno == ENFILE);
        return SoundIoErrorSystemResources;
    }

    wakeup_device_poll(sia);

    if ((err = soundio_os_thread_create(device_thread_run, si, false, &sia->thread))) {
        destroy_alsa(si);
        return err;
    }

    si->destroy = destroy_alsa;
    si->flush_events = flush_events;
    si->wait_events = wait_events;
    si->wakeup = wakeup;

    si->outstream_open = outstream_open_alsa;
    si->outstream_destroy = outstream_destroy_alsa;
    si->outstream_start = outstream_start_alsa;
    si->outstream_begin_write = outstream_begin_write_alsa;
    si->outstream_end_write = outstream_end_write_alsa;
    si->outstream_clear_buffer = outstream_clear_buffer_alsa;
    si->outstream_pause = outstream_pause_alsa;

    si->instream_open = instream_open_alsa;
    si->instream_destroy = instream_destroy_alsa;
    si->instream_start = instream_start_alsa;
    si->instream_begin_read = instream_begin_read_alsa;
    si->instream_end_read = instream_end_read_alsa;
    si->instream_pause = instream_pause_alsa;

    return 0;
}