Indicate that in the MIPS64R6-generic CPU the memory-mapped
Global Configuration Register Space is implemented.
Backports commit a9a95061715ca09abff56a3f239f704c410912c2 from qemu
Physical base address for the memory-mapped Coherency Manager Global
Configuration Register space.
The MIPS default location for the GCR_BASE address is 0x1FBF_8.
This register only exists if Config3 CMGCR is set to one.
Backports commit c870e3f52cac0c8a4a1377398327c4ff20d49d41 from qemu
To avoid cluttering the code with #ifdef legs we wrap up the print
statements into a tlb_debug() macro. As access to the virtual TLB can
get quite heavy defining DEBUG_TLB_LOG will ensure all the logs go to
the qemu_log target of CPU_LOG_MMU instead of stderr. This remains
compile time optional as these debug statements haven't been considered
for usefulness for user visible logging.
I've also removed DEBUG_TLB_CHECK which wasn't used.
Backports commit 8526e1f4e418443a4d6ed0714487e47d45ef9c98 from qemu
qemu-log: dfilter-ise exec, out_asm, op and opt_op
This ensures the code generation debug code will honour -dfilter if set.
For the "exec" tracing I've added a new inline macro for efficiency's
sake.
Backports commit d977e1c2dbc9e63454b2000f91954d02543bf43b from qemu
When debugging big programs or system emulation sometimes you want both
the verbosity of cpu,exec et all but don't want to generate lots of logs
for unneeded stuff. This patch adds a new option -dfilter which allows
you to specify interesting address ranges in the form:
-dfilter 0x8000..0x8fff,0xffffffc000080000+0x200,...
Then logging code can use the new qemu_log_in_addr_range() function to
decide if it will output logging information for the given range.
Backports commit 3514552e04388d8e7686bcf89efd022e892acb5b from qemu
Improve the TB execution logging so that it is easier to identify
what is happening from trace logs:
* move the "Trace" logging of executed TBs into cpu_tb_exec()
so that it is emitted if and only if we actually execute a TB,
and for consistency for the CPU state logging
* log when we link two TBs together via tb_add_jump()
* log when cpu_tb_exec() returns early from a chain of TBs
The new style logging looks like this:
Trace 0x7fb7cc822ca0 [ffffffc0000dce00]
Linking TBs 0x7fb7cc822ca0 [ffffffc0000dce00] index 0 -> 0x7fb7cc823110 [ffffffc0000dce10]
Trace 0x7fb7cc823110 [ffffffc0000dce10]
Trace 0x7fb7cc823420 [ffffffc000302688]
Trace 0x7fb7cc8234a0 [ffffffc000302698]
Trace 0x7fb7cc823520 [ffffffc0003026a4]
Trace 0x7fb7cc823560 [ffffffc0000dce44]
Linking TBs 0x7fb7cc823560 [ffffffc0000dce44] index 1 -> 0x7fb7cc8235d0 [ffffffc0000dce70]
Trace 0x7fb7cc8235d0 [ffffffc0000dce70]
Stopped execution of TB chain before 0x7fb7cc8235d0 [ffffffc0000dce70]
Trace 0x7fb7cc8235d0 [ffffffc0000dce70]
Trace 0x7fb7cc822fd0 [ffffffc0000dd52c]
Backports commit 1a830635229e14c403600167823ea6b3b79d3097 from qemu
Make qemu_log_mask() a macro which only calls the function to
do the actual work if the logging is enabled. This avoids making
a function call in possible fast paths where logging is disabled.
Backports commit 7ee606230e6b7645d92365d9b39179368e83ac54 from qemu
My later debugging patches need access to the origin PC which is held in
the TranslationBlock structure. Pass down the whole structure as it also
holds the information about the code start point.
Backports commit 5bd2ec3d7b47b2252745882795d79aef36380fb7 from qemu
Move declarations out of qemu-common.h for functions declared in
utils/ files: e.g. include/qemu/path.h for utils/path.c.
Move inline functions out of qemu-common.h and into new files (e.g.
include/qemu/bcd.h)
Backports commit f348b6d1a53e5271cf1c9f9acc4646b4b98c1771 from qemu
Not only it makes sense, but it gets rid of checkpatch warning:
WARNING: consider using qemu_strtosz in preference to strtosz
Also remove get rid of tabs to please checkpatch.
Backports commit 4677bb40f809394bef5fa07329dea855c0371697 from qemu
This patch replaces get_ticks_per_sec() calls with the macro
NANOSECONDS_PER_SECOND. Also, as there are no callers, get_ticks_per_sec()
is then removed. This replacement improves the readability and
understandability of code.
For example,
timer_mod(fdctrl->result_timer,
qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL) + (get_ticks_per_sec() / 50));
NANOSECONDS_PER_SECOND makes it obvious that qemu_clock_get_ns
matches the unit of the expression on the right side of the plus.
Backports commit 73bcb24d932912f8e75e1d88da0fc0ac6d4bce78 from qemu
qemu-common.h should only be included by .c files. Its file comment
explains why: "No header file should depend on qemu-common.h, as this
would easily lead to circular header dependencies."
One of the reasons for headers to include it is QEMU_ALIGN_UP() and
QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(). Move them next to ROUND_UP() in qemu/osdep.h, to
facilitate removing these ill-advised includes later on.
Backports commit e07e540aaa08718c9ff8213067a3dcef31b3e313 from qemu
qemu-common.h should only be included by .c files. Its file comment
explains why: "No header file should depend on qemu-common.h, as this
would easily lead to circular header dependencies."
One of the reasons for headers to include it is HOST_LONG_BITS. Move
that to its more natural home qemu/osdep.h, to facilitate removing
these ill-advised includes later on.
This also lets us use HOST_LONG_BITS in bswap.h instead of duplicating
its definition there to avoid cyclic inclusion.
Backports commit a8139632161d7546218b696cada0a4f64cc78fb7 from qemu
Commit 57cb38b included qapi/error.h into qemu/osdep.h to get the
Error typedef. Since then, we've moved to include qemu/osdep.h
everywhere. Its file comment explains: "To avoid getting into
possible circular include dependencies, this file should not include
any other QEMU headers, with the exceptions of config-host.h,
compiler.h, os-posix.h and os-win32.h, all of which are doing a
similar job to this file and are under similar constraints."
qapi/error.h doesn't do a similar job, and it doesn't adhere to
similar constraints: it includes qapi-types.h. That's in excess of
100KiB of crap most .c files don't actually need.
Add the typedef to qemu/typedefs.h, and include that instead of
qapi/error.h. Include qapi/error.h in .c files that need it and don't
get it now. Include qapi-types.h in qom/object.h for uint16List.
Update scripts/clean-includes accordingly. Update it further to match
reality: replace config.h by config-target.h, add sysemu/os-posix.h,
sysemu/os-win32.h. Update the list of includes in the qemu/osdep.h
comment quoted above similarly.
This reduces the number of objects depending on qapi/error.h from "all
of them" to less than a third. Unfortunately, the number depending on
qapi-types.h shrinks only a little. More work is needed for that one.
Backports commit da34e65cb4025728566d6504a99916f6e7e1dd6a from qemu
As soon as setjmp.h is included from qemu/osdep.h, those old include
statements are no longer needed.
Add also setjmp.h to the list in scripts/clean-includes.
Backports commit 8ff98f1ed2f50cd05c3c5027c7efdf69859ec664 from qemu
setjmp must be declared before sysemu/os-win32.h
because it is redefined there for 64 bit Windows.
Backports commit e89fdafb58038038e3ccb860c5e1068ba063bac8 from qemu
Now that the generator supports it, we might as well use an
anonymous base rather than breaking out a single-use Base
structure, for all three of our current QMP flat unions.
Oddly enough, this change does not affect the resulting
introspection output (because we already inline the members of
a base type into an object, and had no independent use of the
base type reachable from a command).
The case_whitelist now has to list the name of an implicit
type; which is not too bad (consider it a feature if it makes
it harder for developers to make the whitelist grow :)
Backports commit 3666a97f78704b941c360dc917acb14c8774eca7 from qemu
Rather than requiring all flat unions to explicitly create
a separate base struct, we can allow the qapi schema to specify
the common members via an inline dictionary. This is similar to
how commands can specify an inline anonymous type for its 'data'.
We already have several struct types that only exist to serve as
a single flat union's base; the next commit will clean them up.
In particular, this patch's change to the BlockdevOptions example
in qapi-code-gen.txt will actually be done in the real QAPI schema.
Now that anonymous bases are legal, we need to rework the
flat-union-bad-base negative test (as previously written, it
forms what is now valid QAPI; tweak it to now provide coverage
of a new error message path), and add a positive test in
qapi-schema-test to use an anonymous base (making the integer
argument optional, for even more coverage).
Note that this patch only allows anonymous bases for flat unions;
simple unions are already enough syntactic sugar that we do not
want to burden them further. Meanwhile, while it would be easy
to also allow an anonymous base for structs, that would be quite
redundant, as the members can be put right into the struct
instead.
Backports commit ac4338f8eb783fd421aae492ca262a586918471e from qemu
Simple unions were carrying a special case that hid their 'data'
QMP member from the resulting C struct, via the hack method
QAPISchemaObjectTypeVariant.simple_union_type(). But by using
the work we started by unboxing flat union and alternate
branches, coupled with the ability to visit the members of an
implicit type, we can now expose the simple union's implicit
type in qapi-types.h:
| struct q_obj_ImageInfoSpecificQCow2_wrapper {
| ImageInfoSpecificQCow2 *data;
| };
|
| struct q_obj_ImageInfoSpecificVmdk_wrapper {
| ImageInfoSpecificVmdk *data;
| };
...
| struct ImageInfoSpecific {
| ImageInfoSpecificKind type;
| union { /* union tag is @type */
| void *data;
|- ImageInfoSpecificQCow2 *qcow2;
|- ImageInfoSpecificVmdk *vmdk;
|+ q_obj_ImageInfoSpecificQCow2_wrapper qcow2;
|+ q_obj_ImageInfoSpecificVmdk_wrapper vmdk;
| } u;
| };
Doing this removes asymmetry between QAPI's QMP side and its
C side (both sides now expose 'data'), and means that the
treatment of a simple union as sugar for a flat union is now
equivalent in both languages (previously the two approaches used
a different layer of dereferencing, where the simple union could
be converted to a flat union with equivalent C layout but
different {} on the wire, or to an equivalent QMP wire form
but with different C representation). Using the implicit type
also lets us get rid of the simple_union_type() hack.
Of course, now all clients of simple unions have to adjust from
using su->u.member to using su->u.member.data; while this touches
a number of files in the tree, some earlier cleanup patches
helped minimize the change to the initialization of a temporary
variable rather than every single member access. The generated
qapi-visit.c code is also affected by the layout change:
|@@ -7393,10 +7393,10 @@ void visit_type_ImageInfoSpecific_member
| }
| switch (obj->type) {
| case IMAGE_INFO_SPECIFIC_KIND_QCOW2:
|- visit_type_ImageInfoSpecificQCow2(v, "data", &obj->u.qcow2, &err);
|+ visit_type_q_obj_ImageInfoSpecificQCow2_wrapper_members(v, &obj->u.qcow2, &err);
| break;
| case IMAGE_INFO_SPECIFIC_KIND_VMDK:
|- visit_type_ImageInfoSpecificVmdk(v, "data", &obj->u.vmdk, &err);
|+ visit_type_q_obj_ImageInfoSpecificVmdk_wrapper_members(v, &obj->u.vmdk, &err);
| break;
| default:
| abort();
Backports commit 32bafa8fdd098d52fbf1102d5a5e48d29398c0aa from qemu
Now that we are always bulk-initializing a QAPI C struct to 0
(whether by g_malloc0() or by 'Type arg = {0};'), we no longer
have any clients of c_null() in the generator for per-element
initialization. This patch is easy enough to revert if we find
a use in the future, but in the present, get rid of the dead code.
Backports commit 861877a0dd0a8e1bdbcc9743530f4dc9745a736a from qemu
Commit 82ca8e46 noticed that we had multiple implementations of
visiting every member of a struct, and consolidated it into
gen_visit_fields() (now gen_visit_members()) with enough
parameters to cater to slight differences between the clients.
But recent exposure of implicit types has meant that we are now
down to a single use of that method, so we can clean up the
unused conditionals and just inline it into the remaining
caller: gen_visit_object_members().
Likewise, gen_err_check() no longer needs optional parameters,
as the lone use of non-defaults was via gen_visit_members().
No change to generated code.
Backports commit 12f254fd5f98717d17f079c73500123303b232da from qemu
Rather than generate inline per-member visits, take advantage
of the 'visit_type_FOO_members()' function for emitting events.
This is possible now that implicit structs can be visited like
any other. Generated code shrinks accordingly; by initializing
a struct based on parameters, through a new gen_param_var()
helper, like:
|@@ -338,6 +250,9 @@ void qapi_event_send_block_job_error(con
| QMPEventFuncEmit emit = qmp_event_get_func_emit();
| QmpOutputVisitor *qov;
| Visitor *v;
|+ q_obj_BLOCK_JOB_ERROR_arg param = {
|+ (char *)device, operation, action
|+ };
|
| if (!emit) {
| return;
@@ -351,19 +266,7 @@ void qapi_event_send_block_job_error(con
| if (err) {
| goto out;
| }
|- visit_type_str(v, "device", (char **)&device, &err);
|- if (err) {
|- goto out_obj;
|- }
|- visit_type_IoOperationType(v, "operation", &operation, &err);
|- if (err) {
|- goto out_obj;
|- }
|- visit_type_BlockErrorAction(v, "action", &action, &err);
|- if (err) {
|- goto out_obj;
|- }
|-out_obj:
|+ visit_type_q_obj_BLOCK_JOB_ERROR_arg_members(v, ¶m, &err);
| visit_end_struct(v, err ? NULL : &err);
Notice that the initialization of 'param' has to cast away const
(just as the old gen_visit_members() had to do): we can't change
the signature of the user function (which uses 'const char *'), but
have to assign it to a non-const QAPI object (which requires
'char *').
While touching this, document with a FIXME comment that there is
still a potential collision between QMP members and our choice of
local variable names within qapi_event_send_FOO().
This patch also paves the way for some followup simplifications
in the generator, in subsequent patches.
Backports commit 0949e95b48e30715e157cabbc59dcb0ed912d3ff from qemu
The original choice of ':obj-' as the prefix for implicit types
made it obvious that we weren't going to clash with any user-defined
names, which cannot contain ':'. But now we want to create structs
for implicit types, to get rid of special cases in the generators,
and our use of ':' in implicit names needs a tweak to produce valid
C code.
We could transliterate ':' to '_', except that C99 mandates that
"identifiers that begin with an underscore are always reserved for
use as identifiers with file scope in both the ordinary and tag name
spaces". So it's time to change our naming convention: we can
instead use the 'q_' prefix that we reserved for ourselves back in
commit 9fb081e0. Technically, since we aren't planning on exposing
the empty type in generated code, we could keep the name ':empty',
but renaming it to 'q_empty' makes the check for startswith('q_')
cover all implicit types, whether or not code is generated for them.
As long as we don't declare 'empty' or 'obj' ticklish, it shouldn't
clash with c_name() prepending 'q_' to the user's ticklish names.
Backports commit 7599697c66d22ff4c859ba6ccea30e6a9aae6b9b from qemu
We already have several places that want to visit all the members
of an implicit object within a larger context (simple union variant,
event with anonymous data, command with anonymous arguments struct);
and will be adding another one soon (the ability to declare an
anonymous base for a flat union). Having a C struct declared for
these implicit types, along with a visit_type_FOO_members() helper
function, will make for fewer special cases in our generator.
We do not, however, need qapi_free_FOO() or visit_type_FOO()
functions for implicit types, because they should not be used
directly outside of the generated code. This is done by adding a
conditional in visit_object_type() for both qapi-types.py and
qapi-visit.py based on the object name. The comparison of
"name.startswith('q_')" is a bit hacky (it's basically duplicating
what .is_implicit() already uses), but beats changing the signature
of the visit_object_type() callback to pass a new 'implicit' flag.
The hack should be temporary: we are considering adding a future
patch that consolidates the narrow visit_object_type(..., base,
local_members, variants) and visit_object_type_flat(...,
all_members, variants) [where different sets of information are
already broken out, and the QAPISchemaObjectType is no longer
available] into a broader visit_object_type(obj_type) [where the
visitor can query the needed fields from obj_type directly].
Also, now that we WANT to output C code for implicits, we no longer
need the visit_needed() filter, leaving 'q_empty' as the only object
still needing a special case. Remember, 'q_empty' is the only
built-in generated object, which means that without a special case
it would be emitted in multiple files (the main qapi-types.h and in
qga-qapi-types.h) causing compilation failure due to redefinition.
But since it has no members, it's easier to just avoid an attempt to
visit that particular type; since gen_object() is called recursively,
we also prime the objects_seen set to cover any recursion into the
empty type.
The patch relies on the changed naming of implicit types in the
previous patch. It is a bit unfortunate that the generated struct
names and visit_type_FOO_members() don't match normal naming
conventions, but it's not too bad, since they will only be used in
generated code.
The generated code grows substantially in size: the implicit
'-wrapper' types must be emitted in qapi-types.h before any union
can include an unboxed member of that type. Arguably, the '-args'
types could be emitted in a private header for just qapi-visit.c
and qmp-marshal.c, rather than polluting qapi-types.h; but adding
complexity to the generator to split the output location according
to role doesn't seem worth the maintenance costs.
Backports commit 7ce106a96feee4d46bfcdb47127b0935804c9357 from qemu
We started moving away from the use of the 'void *data' member
in the C union corresponding to a QAPI union back in commit
544a373; recent commits have gotten rid of other uses. Now
that it is completely unused, we can remove the member itself
as well as the FIXME comment. Update the testsuite to drop the
negative test union-clash-data.
Backports commit 48eb62a74fc2d6b0ae9e5f414304a85cfbf33066 from qemu
Dan Berrange reported a case where he needs to work with a
QCryptoBlockOptions union type using the OptsVisitor, but only
visit one of the branches of that type (the discriminator is not
visited directly, but learned externally). When things were
boxed, it was easy: just visit the variant directly, which took
care of both allocating the variant and visiting its members, then
store that pointer in the union type. But now that things are
unboxed, we need a way to visit the members without allocation,
done by exposing visit_type_FOO_members() to the user.
Before the patch, we had quite a bit of code associated with
object_members_seen to make sure that a declaration of the helper
was in scope before any use of the function. But now that the
helper is public and declared in the header, the .c file no
longer needs to worry about topological sorting (the helper is
always in scope), which leads to some nice cleanups.
Backports commit 4d91e9115cc6700113e772b19d1f39bbcf345977 from qemu
C types and JSON objects don't have fields, but members. We
shouldn't gratuitously invent terminology. This patch is a
strict renaming of static genarated functions, plus the naming
of the dummy filler member for empty structs, before the next
patch exposes some of that naming to the rest of the code base.
Backports commit c81200b01422783cd29796ef4ccc275d05f9ce67 from qemu
C types and JSON objects don't have fields, but members. We
shouldn't gratuitously invent terminology. This patch is a
strict renaming of generator code internals (including testsuite
comments), before later patches rename C interfaces.
No change to generated code with this patch.
Backports commit 14f00c6c492488381a513c3816b15794446231a0 from qemu
QAPISchemaType.c_type() is a bit awkward: it takes two optional
boolean flags is_param and is_unboxed, and they should never both
be True.
Add a new method for each of the flags, and drop the flags from
c_type().
Most callers pass no flags; they remain unchanged.
One caller passes is_param=True; call the new .c_param_type()
instead.
One caller passes is_unboxed=True, except for simple union types.
This is actually an ugly special case that will go away soon, so
until then, we now have to call either .c_type() or the new
.c_unboxed_type(). Tolerable in the interim.
It requires slightly more Python, but is arguably easier to read.
Backports commit 4040d995e49c5b818be79e50a18c1bf8d2354d12 from qemu
We are getting closer to the point where we could use one union
as the base or variant type within another union type (as long
as there are no collisions between any possible combination of
member names allowed across all discriminator choices). But
until we get to that point, it is worth asserting that variants
are not present in places where we are not prepared to handle
them: when exploding a type into a parameter list, we do not
expect variants. The qapi.py code is already checking this,
via the older check_type() method; but someday we hope to get
rid of that and move checking into QAPISchema*.check(). The
two asserts added here make sure any refactoring still catches
problems, and makes it locally obvious why we can iterate over
only type.members without worrying about type.variants.
Backports commit 29f6bd15eb8a55ed37b2a443f7275b3d134eb2b2 from qemu
Just specifying a custom string is simpler in basically all places that
used it, and in addition, specifying the BB or node name is something we
generally do not do in other error messages when opening a BDS, so we
should not do it here.
This changes the output for iotest 036 (to the better, in my opinion),
so the reference output needs to be changed accordingly.
Backports commit a55448b3681a880b77eaefe8b2c42912000cb481 from qemu
Qemu reports translation fault on 1st level instead of 0th level in case of
AArch64 address translation if the translation table walk is disabled or
the address is in the gap between the two regions.
Backports commit 1b4093ea6678ff79d3006db3d3abbf6990b4a59b from qemu
Starting with the ARMv7 Virtualization Extensions, the A32 and T32
instruction sets provide instructions "MSR (banked)" and "MRS
(banked)" which can be used to access registers for a mode other
than the current one:
* R<m>_<mode>
* ELR_hyp
* SPSR_<mode>
Implement the missing instructions.
Backports commit 8bfd0550be821cf27d71444e2af350de3c3d2ee3 from qemu
When &error_abort is passed in, the error reporting code
will print the current error message and then abort() the
process. Unfortunately at the time it aborts, we've not
yet appended the errno detail. This makes debugging certain
problems significantly harder as the log is incomplete.
Backports commit 20e2dec14954568848ad74e73aee9b3aeedd6584 from qemu
After reporting an error, ram_block_add was going on with the registration
of the RAMBlock. The visible effect is that it unlocked the ramlist
mutex twice.
Backports commit 39c350ee12e733070e63d64a21bd42607366ea99 from qemu
We discriminate here between opcodes that are illegal in the current
cpu mode or with illegal arguments (such as modrm.mod == 3) and
encodings that are unknown (such as an unimplemented isa extension).
Backports commit b9f9c5b41aab06479cb1695990b7cca98ef84fc7 from qemu
The patch in 7f0b714 was too simplistic, in that we wound up setting
the flag and then resetting it immediately in gen_eob.
Fixes the reported boot problem with Windows XP.
Backports commit f083d92c03e7a0741d2a9eba774a60d5a3ca772f from qemu
While ADDSEG will only be false in 16-bit mode for LEA, it can be
false even in other cases when 16-bit addresses are obtained via
the 67h prefix in 32-bit mode. In this case, gen_lea_v_seg forgets
to add a nonzero FS or GS base if CS/DS/ES/SS are all zero. This
case is pretty rare but happens when booting Windows 95/98, and
this patch fixes it.
The bug is visible since commit d6a291498, but it was introduced
together with gen_lea_v_seg and it probably could be reproduced
with a "addr16 gs movsb" instruction as early as in commit
ca2f29f555805d07fb0b9ebfbbfc4e3656530977.
Backports commit e2e02a820741ec4d96b8f313b06a2a7ed5e94fbd from qemu
In non-64-bit modes, the instruction always stores 16 bits.
But in 64-bit mode, when the destination is a register, the
instruction can write 32 or 64 bits.
Backports commit a657f79e32422634415c09f3f15c73d610297af5 from qemu
SMSW and LMSW accept register operands, but commit 1906b2a ("target-i386:
Rearrange processing of 0F 01", 2016-02-13) did not account for that.
Backports commit 880f8486503b32a29b653a3c0b3cfc5432012f38 from qemu
Under heavy workloads the lookup will likely end up with the same
MemoryRegionSection from last time. Using a pointer to cache the result,
like ram_list.mru_block, significantly reduces cost of
address_space_translate.
During address space topology update, as->dispatch will be reallocated
so the pointer is invalidated automatically.
Perf reports a visible drop on the cpu usage, because phys_page_find is
not called. Before:
2.35% qemu-system-x86_64 [.] phys_page_find
0.97% qemu-system-x86_64 [.] address_space_translate_internal
0.95% qemu-system-x86_64 [.] address_space_translate
0.55% qemu-system-x86_64 [.] address_space_lookup_region
After:
0.97% qemu-system-x86_64 [.] address_space_translate_internal
0.97% qemu-system-x86_64 [.] address_space_lookup_region
0.84% qemu-system-x86_64 [.] address_space_translate
Backports commit 729633c2bc30496073431584eb6e304776b4ebd4 from qemu
This will be shared by the next patch.
Also add a comment explaining the unobvious condition on "size.hi".
Backports commit 29cb533d8cbff1330717619780c2f1dfe764e003 from qemu
